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The science of nail polish, nail polish remover, and nail moisturizers
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
The basic components include film forming agents, resins, plasticizers, solvents, and coloring agents as summarized in Table 35.1. Nitrocellulose is the main film-forming agent in nail lacquer, which, along with resins like toluene sulphonamide formaldehyde, ensures adhesion of the nail paint to the surface of the nail plate.5 This film is oxygen-permeable, which helps maintain nail health while providing strength and gloss. Plasticizers like camphor, dibutyl phthalate, or dioctyl phthalate provide flexibility and adhesiveness to the lacquer by linking to polymer chains and increasing the distance between them. Colorants (D&C Red no. 6/7/19) and pearlizers (guanine, bismuth oxychloride, titanium dioxide, ground mica) give the desired color and shimmer. All these ingredients are dissolved or suspended in a solvent, such as butyl acetate or ethyl acetate, which evaporate to leave behind the colorful finish.6
Nail Product Rheology
Published in Laba Dennis, Rheological Proper ties of Cosmetics and Toiletries, 2017
A commonly used synthetic nacreous pigment is bismuth oxychloride. The bismuth oxychloride crystal has controllable dimensions. Regulating the crystal dimensions affords different levels of luster. This material's luster is more metallic than that of the other two types. The particles also have a higher density, making them much more difficult to suspend and keep oriented. The high index of refraction allows for high opacity. Although bismuth oxychloride is obtainable in powder form, the suspension paste or nitrocellulose dispersions are more commonly used. The powder is difficult to disperse uniformly, without obtaining a grainy effect.
The protective role of autophagy in nephrotoxicity induced by bismuth nanoparticles through AMPK/mTOR pathway
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Yongming Liu, Huan Yu, Xihui Zhang, Yong Wang, Zhentao Song, Jian Zhao, Haibin Shi, Ruibin Li, Yangyun Wang, Leshuai W. Zhang
However, the potential applications of bismuth nanomaterials suggest the exposure and risk of bismuth on human and environmental health. Other than bismuth nanomaterials, bismuth salts such as colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) and bismuth subsalicylate have been commonly used to treat peptic ulcers (Andrews et al. 2006; Marcus, Sachs, and Scott 2015). In addition, bismuth compounds such as bismuth vanadate, bismuth nitrate, and bismuth oxychloride have been applied as the raw materials for foundation in cosmetics. However, overdose of bismuth compounds can cause acute renal failure that has been mentioned by a numerous of clinical cases (Işlek et al. 2001). For example, during the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections, CBS overdose has been reported to result in severe nephrotoxicity, such as necrosis in the proximal tubules (Leussink et al. 2001). In addition, bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) NPs have been utilized in semiconductor industry, but BiOBr was found to be toxic to human skin keratinocytes (Gao et al. 2015). In spite of plenty case reports on bismuth nephrotoxicity, there were very limited studies to elucidate the mechanisms of bismuth nephrotoxicity in the cellular and molecular level.