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Incontinence (Bowel)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Anti-diarrheal drugs such as kaolin, pectin, activated charcoal, loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium A-D), diphenoxylate, and atropine sulfate (Lomotil), as well as aluminum hydroxide, are often utilized to increase the viscosity of the stool. Bismuth agents (Pepto-Bismol) are also used for acute episodes of diarrhea due to their antisecretory, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects.1Bulk-forming agents such as psyllium (Metamucil), polycarbophil (FiberCon), and carboxmethycellulose (Citrucel) absorb water and increase stool bulk.1Phenylephrine Cream: Preliminary studies evaluating the effect of phenylephrine on the anal sphincter demonstrated increased resting sphincter pressure with topical application of phenylephrine cream.1 Overall, patients reported improvement when receiving the active drug rather than a placebo, and more cases receiving phenylephrine gel achieved full continence or improved their incontinence symptoms.2
Allopathic drugs suppress symptoms
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Bismuth immobilized the spirochetes (Causative organism of syphilis) rendering them noninfectious. Bismuth may, therefore, be stated to prevent the spread and multiplication of spirochetes and depresses the disease to a point where the degree of resistance already existing in the body can control the infection.
Immunosuppressants, rheumatic and gastrointestinal topics
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
The mechanism of action of bismuth-containing agents (e.g. bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth subnitrate or bismuth subgallate) remains largely unknown. Studies have shown that bismuth subsalicylate inhibits intestinal secretion caused by cholera toxins and enterotoxic E. coli. In children with acute diarrhoea, studies have shown that treatment with bismuth subsalicylate reduces the frequency of unformed stools and the duration of diarrhoea [15]. Reports of encephalopathy occurring during ingestion of bismuth-containing compounds [16] led to prohibition of bismuth containing agents in France.
Understanding treatment guidelines with bismuth and non-bismuth quadruple Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2018
David Y. Graham, Maria Pina Dore, Hong Lu
Bismuth has a long history in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases particularly peptic ulcer disease [6]. As noted above, the first successful anti-H. pylori therapy was a multidrug regimen containing bismuth. For patients with metronidazole susceptible infections, bismuth triple therapy (bismuth, metronidazole, tetracycline) proved effective and even today, 7 day bismuth quadruple therapy is expected to cure 95% or more of treatment adherent patients [20,36,37]. Although metronidazole resistance reduces the cure rate, metronidazole is unique among available H. pylori antibiotics in that strains assessed as resistant in vitro can be cured and high cure rates obtained by increasing the duration of treatment and the dosage of metronidazole (e.g. to 14 days and to 1,500 to 1,600 mg) [6,20].
The protective role of autophagy in nephrotoxicity induced by bismuth nanoparticles through AMPK/mTOR pathway
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Yongming Liu, Huan Yu, Xihui Zhang, Yong Wang, Zhentao Song, Jian Zhao, Haibin Shi, Ruibin Li, Yangyun Wang, Leshuai W. Zhang
Nanomaterials containing bismuth have been developed for CT imaging, photothermal therapy, and drug delivery (Chen et al. 2015; Li et al. 2016). In addition, bismuth compounds can be used in medical applications. For example, CBS and bismuth subsalicylate are commonly used in H. pylori treatment regimens. However, other studies found that overdose of CBS induced cell death and result in nephrotoxicity (Leussink et al. 2001; Marcus, Sachs, and Scott 2015). In our previous work, we prepared ultrasmall BiNP and its ultrastructure is shown in Figure 1. We found a reversible nephrotoxicity after the intravenous injection of BiNP, indicated by the temporary increase in serum CREA and BUN (Wang et al. 2016). In this study, we extended our research for BiNP induced kidney injury, emphasizing on the role of autophagy and associated cell signaling pathways in nephrotoxicity.
Impact of insufficient doses of medications on Helicobacter pylori eradication: a retrospective observational study
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2022
Xiaoye Shi, Chunmei Wang, Fanjun Meng, Shaoze Ma, Guangqin Xu, Tingwei Liu, Xiaozhong Guo, Hongyu Li, Xingshun Qi
The national consensus has recommended that the dose of bismuth potassium citrate is 220 mg bid. However, during our study period, CBP is the only available type of bismuth agents, and its specification is 100 mg per capsule. Additionally, among our patients, over 90% received CBP at 200 mg tid, but less than 10% at other doses. Accordingly, we selected the patients who received CBP at a dose of 200 mg tid to maximize the sample size of our study and avoid the potential confounders from different doses of bismuth agents. It should be noted that a dose of CBP 200 mg tid is similar to a dose of bismuth potassium citrate 220 mg bid recommended by the consensus [11,12].