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Alteration of Intestinal Function by Xenobiotic Exposure
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Control of intestinal motility is complex and involves both cholinergic and adrenergic nervous system components (Mahmood et al., 1978). In general, cholinergic stimulation increases intestinal motility and adrenergic stimulation inhibits motility. Somnolence and constipation are side effects of many antihistamines (Roberts and Seawright, 1979). A formarnidine pesticide, Amitraz, is widely used to control ticks but with some toxicity to horses (Roberts and Seawright, 1979). The effects of Amitraz on drug-induced contractions of guinea pig ileum in vitro indicate inhibition of the histamine H, agonists stimulated contractions (Pass and Seawright, 1982). This action may be relevant to the intestinal stasis observed in horses. Recent approaches to monitor motility rely on marker substances other than polyethylene glycol, chromium sesquioxide, and barium sulfate. Of particular value as marker substances are the polystryrene particles, which are available in varying sizes (50–100 u and 800–1,000 u) and exhibit low specific gravity (Iturri and Wolff, 1982). Phenol red alone and complexed with a high molecular weight anion exchange resin have also been confirmed as appropriate markers for gastrointestinal transit time in mammals (Katz et al., 1976) and poultry (Fowler et al., 1979).
Neurotoxicity of Pesticides
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Matthew C. Keifer, Jordan Firestone
Several newer insecticidal groups have shown acute central nervous system effects. Amitraz, an insecticide and miticide, belongs to the amidine chemical family. It is an alpha-2 receptor agonist and has been the subject of several clinical toxicity series reported from Turkey. Children with either dermal or gastrointestinal exposures to the chemical presented with dizziness. Cases with more severe central nervous system depression were also reported to include somnolence, coma, convulsions, and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Autonomic effects including hypotension or hyptertension, bradycardia, fever, hyperglycemia, and miosis were sometimes seen. Onset generally occurred promptly after exposure. Fortunately, the prognosis for recovery appears to be good.31-33
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
Table 3 shows concentrations, median, and range of the found pesticide residues in Tafila soil samples. Twenty-two pesticides were detected in the analyzed soil samples. Noticeably, there were five pesticides present in relatively high residues compared with the remained detected ones in the Tafila soil samples which were cultivated at that time with different vegetables such as cucumber, olives, grapes, tomatoes, guava, aubergines, and peppers. These detected pesticides were 2, 4-dimethylphenyl N-methylformamidone (3.83), thiophenate-methyl (3.76), chlorfenapyr (1.59), cypermethrin II (0.88), and cypermethrin III (0.88). The 2, 4- dimethylphenyl-N-methylfromami- done is a degradation product of amitraz which is commonly used in Jordan to control mites and insects (Li 2004, Al-Antary et al.2018). Chlorfenapyr was also detected in significant residues in Karak soil samples. Thiophenate-methyl is a systemic fungicide effective against a wide range of plant pathogens (Al-Antary 1996). It has been used widely in Jordan and globally (Al-Antary 1996) since 1973. It degrades to carbendazim in soil to become effective against fungi (Al-Antary 1996). Cypermethrin is a contact insecticide able to control agricultural and public health insects (Al-Antary 1996, Somasani 2014).