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Medicines for Weakness: 1900 to c. 1950
Published in John K. Crellin, A Social History of Medicines in the Twentieth Century, 2020
No discussion on stomach preparations can omit reference to antacids, the various alkalis used to treat ulcers, heartburn, and dyspepsia. Although references to weakness were rare in their promotion, claims were made in 1932 to restore "normal functioning" and to overcome such problems as sleeplessness and nervousness.180 At the time, however, confusion existed between antacids for the stomach acidity and the need to treat "excess acid in the system"—the fourth toxin theory mentioned as a cause of countless ailments. However, some preparations referred to both, as did 1930s' advertisements for Alka-Seltzer for "headache-sour stomach'" or to "knock out that stomach acidity" to treat "ACID mornings—caused by excess accumulation of acid in your system."181
The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
Ross201 has provided an extensive listing of the hazardous agents associated with the production of printed circuits from the receiving and storage of raw materials through machining, precleaning, etching, cleaning, plating, soldering, coding, and marking. Dusts and solvents can act as allergens, skin sensitizers, and carcinogens. Acids and alkalis may be corrosive and irritating to skin. Resins, adhesives, sealants, rubber, and plastics may be skin sensitizers and carcinogens (Table 8).
On the Importance of Monitoring Blood Sugar and Other “Vital Signs”
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
The pH scale ranges from 0 (very acid) to 14 (very base or alkaline). The midpoint of the scale is 7 (neutral). The pH is a logarithmic scale—that is, a difference of 1 pH unit is a 10-times greater difference. Normally, blood pH is 7.4, which is slightly alkaline (or basic).
Adsorption of water pollutants using H3PO4-activated lignocellulosic agricultural waste: a mini review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Lawal Sirajo, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
The common activators for chemical activation are H3PO4 (Yagmur et al.2008; Xu et al. 2021), ZnCl2 (Liou 2010; Zyoud et al. 2015; Hock and Zaini 2018), KOH (Wu et al. 2011; González-García et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2020), NaOH (Foo and Hameed 2012; Islam et al.2017), K2CO3 (Gurten et al. 2012; Francisco et al.2020), and K2HPO4 (Aber et al.2009). The nature and composition of feedstocks and the activation strategies determine the attributes of AC produced. For example, the activation using alkali is usually carried out at elevated temperatures of 700-900 °C with impregnation ratio ranging between 1:2 and 1:5 and renders low carbon yield (Wang and Kaskel 2012; González-García 2018). Moreover, alkali activation has detrimental implications to human health and environment (Heidarinejad et al. 2020; Xu et al. 2021). The alkali activators are strong dehydrating agents and highly corrosive, whereby they react with the carbon skeleton of biomass, so releasing enormous CO, CO2, and methane gaseous that contribute to global warming (Wu et al. 2011; Foo and Hameed 2012; Bazan et al. 2016; Islam et al.2017). Conversely, H3PO4 activation can be performed at low temperatures of 400-600 °C with low impregnation ratios of 1:1-4, to result in mesoporous AC with high specific surface of 1000–1500 m2/g (Molina-Sabio et al.1995; Patnukao and Parasant 2008; Arami-Niya et al. 2010, Yang et al.2020).
Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking Inhibits Corneal Blood and Lymphatic Vessels Temporarily in Alkali-Burned Rabbits
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Lijun Wang, Jia Wang, Hongkun Sun, Zuoxiang Pang, Guoying Mu
Generally, alkali substances are lipophilic; thus, they rapidly penetrate the eye. Besides, they get deposited within the ocular surface tissue, causing a saponification reaction. Corneal alkali burns cause damage to the cornea in several ways, including a change in pH, ulceration, proteolyzes, and defects via collagen synthesis. The damaged tissue causes an inflammatory response by secreting proteolytic enzymes.32 The damage to the cornea due to alkali substances may cause cataract formation by penetrating the anterior chamber and damaging the ciliary body and trabecular meshwork. Nonetheless, the damage can sometimes be severe, leading to opacification and neovascularization of the cornea.33 Therefore, further evaluations of corneal alkali burns are essential for its treatment.
Spatial distribution, multivariate statistical analysis, and health risk assessment of some parameters controlling drinking water quality at selected primary schools located in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Tapos Kormoker, Abubakr M. Idris, Mohammed Mahmud Khan, Tanmoy Roy Tusher, Ram Proshad, Md. Saiful Islam, Sujan Khadka, Shaira Rahman, Md. Humayun Kabir, Satyajit Kundu
The descriptive statistics of the examined physiochemical parameters of drinking water is shown in Table 1, while the raw data is shown in Supplementary Table S1. The pH values ranged from 6.92 to 8.32 with a mean value of 7.60 ± 0.35, indicating acidic to slightly alkaline water. The kurtosis of pH was <1, suggesting low level of tailing of the pH distribution. The skewness value of pH was also <1, suggesting symmetrical distribution. The variations in pH values might be owing to the influence of chemical fertilizers used in nearby agricultural lands, subsequent leaching of dissolved ingredients into groundwater, besides to the influence from the close vicinity of pit latrines, sewerage lines, septic tanks, landfill sites, dustbins, and drains (Islam et al. 2017a, Rahman et al. 2018). According to the pH levels (6.5–8.5) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Bangladesh Standards (BDS), the pH of groundwater in the study area could be considered suitable for drinking purpose. The results of groundwater in Patuakhali district in Bangladesh reported by Biswas et al. (2014) were comparable with those in the current study. Extreme values of pH may result in irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin (WHO 1996, Rahman and Rahman 2018). The spatial distribution map of pH is depicted in Figure 2(a). The map shows a complex distribution pattern. High pH was found in the northern, central, and southwestern parts of Kalapara upazila.