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STRIVE Principles
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
The subCM downgrades the importance of sensory feedback that remains constant and unchanging. We become less aware of sensations the longer we experience them. We get used to strange smells the longer we are around them. This is why it is easy to put too much aftershave on. We are totally unaware whilst others can be overpowered by the strong odor. We quickly get used to the noises outside our own house but can be kept awake by the unusual sounds when we stay away from home. The subCM quickly downgrades familiar sensory information, classifying it as trivial and unimportant.
Contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from fragrances: a brief review
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Contact allergy to fragrances most often causes (aggravation of) dermatitis of the hands, the face (157) and neck (142, 143), and the axillae. Patches of eczema may also be observed in areas where perfumes are dabbed on such as behind the ears, upper chest, elbow flexures and wrists (17). Women are more often affected than men and will typically give a history of a previous rash from a perfume (fine fragrance) or scented deodorant in the axillae (23). Indeed, the fragrances used in deodorants are an important, if not the most important, cause of induction and elicitation of fragrance allergy (23,68,144,148). It is recognised that the axillary skin is a problematic area as it is moist, occluded and is easily irritated. Men are primarily sensitized by deodorants and aftershaves. Micro-traumata from shaving facilitates contact allergy to aftershave fragrances (17,20). Following sensitization by products containing high percentages of fragrances, eczema may appear, or be worsened by, the use of a variety of product types with lower fragrance levels, including other cosmetics, household products, industrial products and flavors.
Polymers as Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Substantivity and film-forming properties make these polyquats excellent candidates for hair care products. Potential benefits include good set retention, high luster, improved body, and reduced conditioner buildup. Skin conditioning and fixative properties contribute to the elegance and permanence of aftershave or cologne formulas. The moisture barrier and fixative properties of these "polyquats" also lend themselves to formulation of antiperspirants or deodorants.
Human biomonitoring of low-level benzene exposures
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Benzene is a small and volatile single-ring aromatic hydrocarbon that occurs naturally in crude oil and natural gas and is formed in almost any combustion process of organic matter. Benzene was first isolated as a discrete substance in the early nineteenth century and halfway through the nineteenth century the first industrial production came about through fractional distillation of coal tar (Mansfield 1849). Initially, benzene was used in cosmetics and after-shave because of its pleasant smell, and it was even used as therapeutic agent to cure several types of leukaemia (Rolleston and Boyd 1914; Ross 1914; Weber 1914; Stolkind 1931). The use of benzene increased dramatically when it was recognised as an excellent solvent for many (organic) materials. Benzene was widely used in adhesives and in the rubber industry as it proved the ideal solvent for latex, but also in a wide variety of other applications, such as degreasing of metal surfaces and decaffeinating coffee. The use of benzene in industrial applications increased over time and until the second world war its production was almost entirely based on coal tar distillation. After the second world war benzene became more important as a starting material to produce other chemicals and the production from crude oil increased sharply. Nowadays, more than half of all benzene produced annually serves as building block for ethylbenzene to produce styrene and subsequently polystyrene. Other uses comprise the production of phenol, aniline and detergent feedstocks.
Cosmetics and Personal Care Products-Related Ocular Exposures Reported to United States Poison Control Centers
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Alisha Kamboj, Henry A. Spiller, Alexandra R. Funk, Jaahnavi Badeti, Gary A. Smith
The product subcategory associated with the highest number of ocular exposures was perfumes, colognes, and aftershaves, which represented nearly one-fifth of all exposures. Factors contributing to the frequency of these exposures may be their common usage, application technique, and chemical composition. According to an analysis of the Simmons National Consumer Survey, more than 136 million Americans purchased fragrances in 2020, with over 94 million reporting use of colognes and aftershaves.18,19 Moreover, in a study analyzing usage of spray perfumes by adult women, 90.5% to 97.2% of study participants reported use of the product at least once over a two-week period, with a mean number of 1.67 applications per use day.20 These products are typically sprayed or directly applied to locations in close proximity to the eyes, such as the neck, posterior auricular area, and mid-lower face (in the setting of aftershaves), which may contribute to unintentional ocular exposure. Finally, women’s perfumes and men’s colognes are usually 20%-35% and 2%-12% fragrance oil in 95% ethanol, respectively. Ocular exposure to such alcohol or aqueous-alcohol solutions, in addition to the other chemical components within, may result in significant eye irritation.21
Ocular Exposures Reported to United States Poison Control Centers
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2019
Alisha Kamboj, Henry A. Spiller, Marcel J. Casavant, Thitphalak Chounthirath, Gary A. Smith
Among young children, cleaning substances (26.5%) and cosmetics/personal care products (26.2%) categories accounted for more than half of all exposures (Table 2). The substances most frequently associated with ocular exposures among this age group were perfumes/colognes/aftershaves (8.0%), suntan and/or sunscreen products (4.6%), insect repellents with DEET (4.1%), hypochlorite bleaches (3.9%), and nail polishes (3.7%). Among older children, the most common categories were foreign bodies/toys/miscellaneous (17.7%) and cosmetics/personal care products (17.5%). Glow products (12.5%) were the substances with the highest number of exposures among this age group. The category of cleaning substances was linked to the highest number of exposures among adolescents (18.5%) and adults (21.9%); specifically, hypochlorite bleaches were the leading substances in these age groups (5.9% and 7.2%, respectively).