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Salicylamide
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Salicylamide is a non-prescription drug with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Its medicinal uses are similar to those of acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin). It is often used in combination with acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine in the over-the-counter pain remedies (1). In France, it is used in a topical pharmaceutical product containing hydroxyethyl (glycol) salicylate, dexamethasone acetate, and salicylamide marketed for treatment of benign joint conditions such as mild tendinitis, small joint arthritis and sprains (2).
The twentieth century
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Research proved that aspirin had a wide range of beneficial pharmacological actions, including its effects on coagulation which lead to prolongation of the bleeding time: aspirin was found to inhibit platelet adhesion and to have other effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis. It was postulated that inhibition of thromboxane synthesis by platelets was a mechanism through which aspirin might be used in the prophylaxis of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation. Aspirin is currendy the treatment of choice for women who have recurrent miscarriages related to the anti-phospholipid antibody (aPL) syndrome. Treatment with 75 mg acetylsalicylic acid daily was found to increase the live-birth rate in such patients (RCOG, 1998).
Intravenous anti-platelet therapy—GP IIb/IIIa blockers and cangrelor
Published in K Sarat Chandra, AJ Swamy, Acute Coronary Syndromes, 2020
Shraddha Ranjan, Gagandeep Singh Wander
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin): Aspirin has been known to have antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor that irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and, in higher doses, COX-2. Inhibition of COX-1 is the main antithrombotic mechanism; the formation of prostaglandin H2 is blocked, thus thromboxane A2, which activates platelets and stimulates their aggregation, cannot be synthesised. The effect lasts for the lifetime of platelets, which ranges from 7–10 days.
Incidence of rebound salicylate toxicity following cessation of urine alkalinization
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Mary O’Keefe, Matthew Stanton, Ryan Feldman, Jillian Theobald
Acetylsalicylic acid overdose is a common occurrence worldwide due to its presence in various different products and easy over-the-counter access [1,2]. Acetylsalicylic acid ingestions were the 19th most common cause of fatality from a single substance reported to United States poison centers in 2021 [3]. After ingestion, acetylsalicylic acid is quickly deacetylated to salicylic acid, which can then deprotonate to salicylate. Salicylate, in large overdose, causes severe metabolic acidosis and multisystem organ failure from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling [4]. Salicylic acid has a pKa of 3 (pH at which 50% is in salicylic acid form and 50% is deprotonated to the negatively charged conjugate base, salicylate) [4]. As pH increases and solutions become more basic, more of the acid will deprotonate, becoming polar and unable to diffuse into tissues. As acidemia increases, more salicylic acid is present and is able to gain more organ compartment access [5]. Because of this, alkalinization of the urine with an intravenous sodium bicarbonate infusion is a cornerstone of therapy, which increases the excretion of ionized salicylate by trapping it in the urine [6].
Smoking and overweight associated with masked uncontrolled hypertension: a Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Sub-Study
Published in Blood Pressure, 2021
Magnus Holanger, Sverre E. Kjeldsen, Kenneth Jamerson, Stevo Julius
The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study included patients in 26 countries. The rationale was described in detail [1] and HOT was conducted in accordance with the Prospective Randomised Open Blinded Endpoint (PROBE) design [2]. The main aim was to evaluate the relationship between three levels of target diastolic blood pressure (BP) (≤80, ≤85 or ≤90 mmHg) and cardiovascular morbidity (CV) and mortality in hypertensive patients. In addition, the study examined the effects of a low dose (75 mg daily) of acetylsalicylic acid vs. placebo. 18,790 patients between 50 and 80 years of age participated. Antihypertensive treatment commenced with a calcium antagonist. Additional antihypertensive therapy was given in accordance with a set protocol to reach target BPs. Details of the patient characteristics at randomisation, cardiovascular risk profiles, early BP results and CV outcomes were published [1,3,4].
Adjuvants in IVF—evidence for what works and what does not work
Published in Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020
Luciano Nardo, Spyridon Chouliaras
Aspirin. Acetylsalicylic acid is one of the most commonly used medications worldwide and usually prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease due to its role as an antiplatelet-aggregation agent. Low-dose aspirin also results in vasodilation and increase in the peripheral blood flow by inducing a shift from thromboxane A2 to prostacyclin. Evidence on the prophylactic role of aspirin against pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction from the CLASP study resulted in its use being adopted for treatment of embryo implantation failure. Moreover, it has been shown that aspirin improves uterine and ovarian arteries doppler indices, which in turn leads to improved oocyte quality and favours implantation rates (10). A meta-analysis failed to support its routine use for women undergoing IVF (11). Similarly, a Cochrane review of 13 RCTs (12) suggested that administration of aspirin did not improve pregnancy rates for IVF patients. More recently, another Cochrane review of studies in women with recurrent miscarriage, whether associated with thrombophilia or not, did not find any benefit of the use of aspirin alone or in combination with LMWH when trials with high risk of bias were excluded (13). Therefore, routine aspirin use is not advocated.