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Infantile Colic
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Feeding: Bottle-feed the baby using a curved collapsible bag bottle and feed in an upright position to help reduce the intake of air.1Formula: Parents can replace regular formula for a one-week trial with an extensive hydrolysate formula (Similac Alimentum, Nutramigen, Pregestimil, etc.) that has proteins broken down into smaller sizes.1
Chronic Liver Disease
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Julia M. Boster, Kelly A. Klaczkiewicz, Shikha S. Sundaram
Children with cholestatic liver diseases may initially consume a regular and age-appropriate diet, with a goal to meet >130% energy requirements. If this goal cannot be achieved, based on tolerance and/or growth, then increasing energy using other methods is necessary. Human milk may be used and supplemented with MCT, specifically by administering MCT oil alone or by fortifying expressed human milk with MCT-containing formula or an MCT product. It may be difficult to meet the nutrition needs of an infant even with fortified human milk, requiring a change to an MCT-containing formula (Table 18.5). Most MCT-containing formulas are hydrolyzed products, and due to the sour/bitter taste of the peptides, they are often less palatable. Infants will generally accommodate their palate to these changes. Pregestimil® is the preferred MCT-containing infant formula for term infants as it has the highest percentage of fat as MCT. Similarly, Similac Special Care® is preferred for premature infants, given the high MCT content. Human milk fortifiers with MCT are also available, although use is typically restricted to the hospital setting.
Small Animal Models for the Study of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and “NEC-in-a-Dish”
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Mark L. Kovler, Chhinder P. Sodhi, David J. Hackam
In the mouse NEC model, pups are separated from their mother and housed in a neonatal incubator at 32°C; maternal separation is performed so as to eliminate the possibility of breastmilk feeding by the dam. Pups are then gavage-fed formula five times daily. We have typically used a 2:1 ratio of Abbott Nutrition Similac Advance infant formula and PetAg Esbilac canine milk replacer, 43 mL/kg. The formula is supplemented with enteric bacteria isolated from the stool of an infant with NEC to reconstitute the microbiome. In addition, mice are subjected to brief periods of hypoxia (10 minutes at 5% O2, 95% N2) twice daily to mimic the frequent apneic/bradycardic episodes that occur. After 4 days, the mouse intestine exhibits a similar pattern to human disease (2, 6, 29). This experimental approach induces patchy intestinal ischemia and necrosis, luminal dilation, and mucosal inflammation, accompanied by histologic features of epithelial sloughing and edema, with great similarity to human NEC at the histologic, microbiologic, and genetic levels of analysis (10, 20, 31–34) (Figure 43.2).
Knockdown of PHLDA1 Alleviates Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis Through Enhancing Nrf2 Signaling
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2023
Xin Yang, Xihong Li, Chan Wu, Feng Zhang
7-days old C57BL/6J mice were obtained from Shanghai Jihui Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. Mice have a weight of approximately 4 g, Specifically, mice were housed in pathogen-free conditions. The animals were divided into control group, NEC group, NEC+sh-NC group, NEC+sh-PHLDA1 group and NEC+sh-PHLDA1+ML382 group. The NEC model was induced by hypoxia and hypothermia exposure. The NEC model was developed as described previously (Sun et al. 2021) : Mice in the group labeled NEC were fed by gavage with mixed formula (Similac Advance (Abbott Nutrition, USA)/Esbilac puppy milk replacer (PetAg, USA) = 2:1) 5 times a day. Mice were exposed to 99% N2 hypoxia for 90 seconds, followed by 10 minutes in a 4°C refrigerator, and exposed to hypoxia and hypothermia 3 times a day for three consecutive days to establish the NEC model. The control group were fed without any stimulation. NEC+sh-NC group and NEC+ sh-PHLDA1 group were injected with the corresponding adeno-associated viral plasmids through tail vein one week before the establishment of NEC model. The survival rate of mice was observed in each group within 4 days, and on the fifth day the mice in each group were put to death by neck-breaking method. All animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of Chengdu Medical College using animals and were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
Loss-of-function SLC30A2 mutants are associated with gut dysbiosis and alterations in intestinal gene expression in preterm infants
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Shannon L Kelleher, Samina Alam, Olivia C Rivera, Shiran Barber-Zucker, Raz Zarivach, Takumi Wagatsuma, Taiho Kambe, David I Soybel, Justin Wright, Regina Lamendella
In total, 81 preterm infants were enrolled in the study at the Penn State Hershey Medical Center (PSHMC) between January 2014 and July 2017. The mean post-menstrual age (PMA) was 31.8 ± 2.4 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 1.74 kg ± 0.5. Our participants were predominately “healthy” at birth due to the exclusion criteria and as demonstrated by a robust 5 min APGAR (Table 1). Standard-of-care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at PSHMC includes a short (48 h) course of antibiotics (ampicillin/gentamicin ± vancomycin) at birth and 69 infants (93%) received prophylactic antibiotics. The majority of infants (73%, n = 59) were mixed fed (human milk + preterm infant formula (Similac® NeoSure) +/- Similac® Human Milk Fortifier); 23% of infants (n = 19) were fed exclusively human milk; and 4% of infants (n = 3) were fed exclusively formula (Similac® NeoSure; Table 2). There was a significant difference in feeding mode between genotypes, such that a significantly greater number of infants with L293R were fed exclusively human milk (60%; P < .01), while a significantly greater number of infants with Exon7 were mixed fed (85%; P < .01).
Making Diversity Conform? An Intersectional, Longitudinal Analysis of LGBT-Specific Mainstream Media Advertisements
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2018
The soft butch is characterized by a more masculine, dapper appearance and short hair. She usually wears dark clothes, resembling either the male hipster or a more alternative lifestyle, and always appears alongside another soft butch or femme. Soft butches originally appeared in 2013 in the first Indian ad to feature a same-sex couple, and since the end of 2014 as part of eight ads that show a diverse amalgamation of people in brief instances (e.g., Similac, 2015).