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Why provide donor human milk?
Published in Amy Brown, Wendy Jones, A Guide to Supporting Breastfeeding for the Medical Profession, 2019
DHM undergoes multiple processes on its journey, including freezing, thawing and heat treatment, as shown in Figure 13.3. Pasteurisation is most commonly Holder pasteurisation (milk heated for 30 minutes to 62.5°C), but other protocols such as high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurisation and newer technologies such as ultraviolet C (UVC) treatment show some promise. DHM processing renders the milk effectively sterile and in so doing destroys potentially harmful viruses, but is designed to be a balance between ensuring safety and maximising the range and function of the components after pasteurisation. The cellular and microbial content of milk is destroyed, and the bioactivity of some compounds, particularly enzymes such as lipase, is reduced. Therefore, DHM is not as nutritionally and developmentally complete as fresh or frozen maternal milk. However, DHM still contains a wide array of biologically active components that are not in infant formula. Such components include human milk oligosaccharides, which are unaffected by pasteurisation and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, lactoferrin and lysozyme. Ongoing research is focusing on improving milk bank processes using simple, cost-effective interventions, such as nutritional supplementation for donors and improved transport and storage protocols.
Metabolomics and human breast milkA unique and inimitable food for infants
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Flamina Cesare Marincola, Sara Corbu, Roberta Pintus, Angelica Dessì, Vassilios Fanos
Among the applications of metabolomics on HBM, particular attention has been addressed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the third most abundant component after lactose and fat. HMOs have been shown to play an important role in an infant's development, by influencing the composition of the gut microbiome, modulating the immune system, and helping protect against pathogens (25,26). The utilization of HMOs by the microbiome in the gut has been recently reviewed (27). Every lactating woman has a unique pattern of oligosaccharides. Their presence in HBM is influenced by maternal genetic factors (secretor status and Lewis blood epitopes) and, in particular it depends on the activity of specific fucosyltransferases (28): fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) catalyzes the addition of fucose residues via 1–2 linkages on Lewis blood group; fucosyltransferase 3 (FUT3) catalyzes the addition of fucose residues via an 1–3/4 linkage. Depending on the expression of active FUT2 and FUT3 enzymes, women phenotypes can be separated into four groups: (1) Lewis-positive secretors (Se+/Le+) with FUT3 and FUT2 active; (2) Lewis-positive nonsecretor (Se−/Le+) with FUT3 active and FUT2 inactive; (3) i.e., Lewis-negative secretors (Se+/Le−) with FUT3 inactive and FUT2 active; and (4) Lewis-negative nonsecretors (Se−/Le−) with FUT2 and FUT3 inactive.
An Integrative Approach to Preventive Health
Published in Hilary McClafferty, Integrative Pediatrics, 2017
In newborns, early gut colonization is generally seen with strict anaerobes such as Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Bacteroides (Matamoros et al. 2013) then begins to mimic maternal skin bacteria and vaginal microbiome (if not delivered by cesarean). Breast milk has also been shown to have a unique microbiota that plays a role in conjunction with human milk oligosaccharides to catalyze development of other microbes. Bifidobacterium species are most prevalent during the next months of exclusive milk feeding and play the role of fermenting milk oligosaccharides. The introduction of solid foods precipitates a change in the gut microbes and a decrease in Bifidobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae and over the first 3 years of life the microbiome aligns with adult species. The microbiome patterns of infants have been shown to vary by geographic location and by diet and have also been shown to be significantly affected by antibiotic exposure (Arrieta et al. 2014).
Lactose-reduced infant formula with added corn syrup solids is associated with a distinct gut microbiota in Hispanic infants
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Roshonda B. Jones, Paige K. Berger, Jasmine F. Plows, Tanya L. Alderete, Joshua Millstein, Jennifer Fogel, Stanislav N. Iablokov, Dmitry A. Rodionov, Andrei L. Osterman, Lars Bode, Michael I. Goran
A depletion of microbes belonging to Bifidobacteriaceae (a member of the phylum Actinobacteria) was observed in infants who consumed any formula, with greater decreases in ASF group. The gut microbiome of infants who consume human milk need to contain members of Bifidobacteriaceae, since specifically the species B. longum subsp. infantis is able to fully metabolize human milk oligosaccharides, one of the most abundant components of human milk.26 Also, we observed that CPI for lactose utilization, which is the most abundant milk sugar, was significantly higher in breastfed groups (BB and BP) compared to formula-fed groups (TF and ASF). Lactose utilization is one of the most common catabolic phenotype among Bifidobacterium spp., which could explain the increased predicted lactose utilization in the two groups consuming human milk and no formula.
Infant gut microbiota restoration: state of the art
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Katri Korpela, Willem M. de Vos
Breastmilk contains > 10 g/l human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) undigestible by human enzymes. There is a rich diversity of HMOs, with 2ʹfucosyllactose (2ʹFL) and trifucosyllacto-N-hexaose (TF-LNH) being usually the most abundant individual oligosaccharides at 2–3 g/l each in secretor mothers.28 The human milk oligosaccharides show great diversity within and between women, the composition varying temporally and according to diet and genotype. As HMOs constitute ca. 20% of all carbohydrates in breastmilk,28 and the majority of them are degraded by gut bacteria into short-chain fatty acids,29 HMO fermentation represents a significant energy source to the infant. Several species of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides have the capacity to ferment human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs),26 which very likely explains their success in colonizing the infant gut. While several Bifidobacterium species are specialized in oligosaccharide utilization, Bacteroides species have the capacity to opportunistically use both diet-derived and host-derived glycans and they employ the same pathways for host mucin and HMO degradation.26 On the contrary, HMO-utilizing bifidobacteria do not degrade mucin efficiently and have an advantage in degrading non-mucin-like HMO structures.26 In addition to providing substrates for bacterial fermentation, breastmilk is immunologically active, containing immunoglobulins and anti-microbial compounds, which can guide the development of the infant gut microbiota. Consequently, the gut microbiota of exclusively breastfed infants differs from the non-exclusively breastfed in both composition and function.30
Characterization of fructooligosaccharide metabolism and fructooligosaccharide-degrading enzymes in human commensal butyrate producers
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Hiroki Tanno, Tadashi Fujii, Katsuaki Hirano, Shintaro Maeno, Takashi Tonozuka, Mitsuo Sakamoto, Moriya Ohkuma, Takumi Tochio, Akihito Endo
Although gut butyrate levels are important for host health, oligosaccharide metabolic properties in butyrate producers are poorly characterized. Although certain oligosaccharides, e.g. human milk oligosaccharides, have multiple functions in host health,37 proliferation of beneficial microbes is one of the most important characteristics in dietary oligosaccharides.