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Natural Products from the Amazon Region as Potential Antimicrobials
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Josiane E. A. Silva, Iasmin L. D. Paranatinga, Elaine C. P. Oliveira, Silvia K. S. Escher, Ananda S. Antonio, Leandro S. Nascimento, Patricia P. Orlandi, Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior
Limonene (Fig. 2.7) is the major monoterpene found in citric plants such as oranges and lemons. Besides its characteristic citric aroma that made it famous in the food industry, its antimicrobial, antibacterial and antifungal properties enable it to be used as a food and cosmetic preservative. Limonene is more effective in the inhibition of Gram-positive bacterial strains, being capable of inhibiting Salmonella senftenberg, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter sakazakii (Espina et al. 2012; Montironi et al. 2016; Han et al. 2020).
Cronobacter: Virulence and Pathogenesis
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Originally referred to as yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae, it was later classified as a new species Enterobacter sakazakii. Subsequent characterization enabled the reclassification of these bacteria into a new genus called Cronobacter [1]. Cronobacter is composed of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli, which includes Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter universalis, and Cronobacter condimenti [2]. Except Cronobacter condimenti, all other Cronobacter spp. are associated with human infections. They cause life-threatening infections in neonates due to the consumption of powdered infant formula contaminated with Cronobacter [3,4]. Outbreaks of Cronobacter infections in neonatal intensive care units have resulted in several CDC warnings, and so efforts are in place to improve health care. Considered as an opportunistic pathogen, Cronobacter causes severe illness in neonates, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteremia, and meningitis, often in low-birth-weight preterm infants [5]. Infections due to Cronobacter in normal and immunocompromised adults have also been noted, but these are less severe. Based on partial 16S rRNA and hsp60 sequencing, four cluster groups of C. sakazakii have been identified among this diverse group of pathogens [6]. The bacterium can be found in a variety of foods, including dairy-based foods (cheese), dried meats, and rice. Furthermore, it was also detected in environmental sources such as soil, livestock facilities, and food preparation units. Compared to other Enterobacteriaceae family members, Cronobacter is highly resistant to heat, dryness, and acidic conditions [7]. It also forms biofilms that function as a protective barrier to withstand environmental stress and obviate immune surveillance of the host.
The application of bacteriophage to control Cronobacter sakazakii planktonic and biofilm growth in infant formula milk
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Hyung Suk Kim, Md. Ashrafudoulla, Bo-Ram Kim, Md. Furkanur Rahaman Mizan, Soo-Jin Jung, Mohammad Sadekuzzaman, Si Hong Park, Sang-Do Ha
Infant formula milk (IFM) is a low moisture powdered dairy product. There are many variations of the standard IFM, one of which is modified IFM that adds the nutrients essential for infants into milk. The success of the milk processing sector relies heavily on the production of IFM. With the social advancement of women and the growing demand for powdered milk, the import and export of IFM has continued to increase (Salmon 2015). However, IFM has been identified as the cause of Cronobacter sakazakii infection in newborns (Cawthorn et al. 2008).
Invasive Cronobacter species infection in infants and children admitted to a rural Kenyan hospital with a high prevalence of malnutrition
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Joe D. Piper, Salim Mwarumba, Moses Ngari, Benedict Mvera, Susan Morpeth, James A. Berkley
Possible Enterobacter and Cronobacter isolates from all isolates archived between 1998 and 2013 were initially selected from the database if they had been recorded as having a potentially compatible API20E V4.1 profile (Bio-Mérieux, France). A positive control of Cronobacter sakazakii was obtained from an external quality assurance programme at the National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) in Johannesburg, South Africa and used for quality control at each stage of testing.
Magnesium and calcium ions: roles in bacterial cell attachment and biofilm structure maturation
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Tianyang Wang, Steve Flint, Jon Palmer
Although, their presence generally enhances biofilm formation, Ca2+ and Mg2+ have been reported to be inhibitory to biofilm formation, but this inhibitory effect can be concentration dependent or cell-stage dependent. In the presence of 5 mM CaCl2, wrinkled colony formation was firstly observed to occur on agar plates after incubation for 14 h at 24 °C compared to other calcium concentrations from 0 to 10 mM (Marsden et al. 2017). Zhou et al. (2013) found that biofilm biomass of Enterobacter cloacae, determined by crystal violet staining, was enhanced in the presence of 32, 64 and 128 mM Ca2+. However, at 256 mM Ca2+, the biofilm biomass was reduced to levels observed when E. cloacae biofilms were grown in the presence of 0–4 mM Ca2+. Biofilm biomass is repressed with increasing concentrations of Mg2+ (0.5–256 mM), but there is not a significant difference in inhibitory effect from 8 to 256 mM. Ye et al. (2015) studied the effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on 23 strains of Cronobacter sakazakii and showed a positive correlation between MgCl2 concentration (0.25–1.5%) and biofilm formation. However, CaCl2 (concentration 0.25–1.5%) initially promotes biofilm formation but inhibits biofilm formation with increasing CaCl2 concentration. El Khatib et al. (2017) reported that Ca2+ (1 mM to 50 mM) had an inhibitory effect on cell attachment of stationary phase cells (20 mM to 50 mM) and biofilm genesis (biofilm induction) of lag phase cells (20 mM to 50 mM), but resulted in the consolidation of pre-formed biofilm (1 mM to 50 mM), suggesting the role of Ca in bacterial attachment and biofilm growth and maintenance may be dependent on the growth phase of the bacteria. In addition, Mg2+ also inhibits P. stuartii cell attachment (5 mM to 50 mM) but has a beneficial effect on biofilm genesis (1 mM to 50 mM) and consolidation (10 mM to 50 mM). Therefore, the effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions depends on the bacterial species or strain and concentration. It would be interesting to quantify the strain variability in biofilm formation under different cations and concentrations to generate a well-rounded view towards heterogeneity and diversity.