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Sleep in Early Childhood
Published in Mary Nolan, Shona Gore, Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education, 2023
Angela D. Staples, Leah LaLonde
This review does not address sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, in part because treatment is primarily the domain of physicians. Additionally, this review does not address specific socio-cultural factors such as co-sleeping, feeding practices, or environmental factors (e.g., tobacco use, neighborhood noise, type of bedding) – all of which impact both parent and child sleep. Instead, we provide a selective overview of four interrelated topics regarding sleep in early childhood with a specific emphasis on behavioral interventions for sleep problems. First, we briefly review the typical changes in sleep from birth through age three. Second, we highlight parenting practices in relation to child development and cultural context. Third, we summarize effective sleep interventions for young children. Finally, we emphasize the role of the bedtime routine as a relatively straightforward practice that, when implemented early, may prevent the development of sleep problems.
Difficult areas in forensic neuropathology
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Christopher Milroy, Helen Whitwell
This is a difficult area in forensic pathology with serious implications in the medico-legal field. The term ‘sudden infant death syndrome’ (SIDS) became widely accepted in the 1970s and was defined as the sudden death of an infant or young child which is unexpected by history and in whom a thorough post-mortem examination fails to demonstrate an adequate cause of death (Saukko and Knight 2016). The incidence of true SIDS has fallen, partly as a result of the ‘Back to sleep’ campaign. There is now an increased risk of sudden death in association with co-sleeping, sleeping on a sofa, and where there is exposure to tobacco smoke (Blair et al. 1996, 1999).
Integrating primal wisdom with the modern Western worldview
Published in Antonella Sansone, Cultivating Mindfulness to Raise Children Who Thrive, 2020
Primal wisdom cultures teach us that constant affectionate physical contact with a baby is critically important for a child’s healthy development. Scientists have known this for decades. How often an infant is touched and held and the related feeling of connection and being felt can leave lasting effects not just on behaviour and growth, but all the way down to the molecular level of the DNA (Moore et al., 2017). The pleasurable experience affects the epigenome – the biochemical changes that influence gene expression in the body. This underscores the importance of feeling connected through physical contact, especially for distressed infants. The potential physiological benefits to infants sleeping in proximity to their caregivers, especially in the first year of life, and to breastfeeding, so biologically entwined to co-sleeping, have been described (McKenna et al., 1994; McKenna & Bernshaw, 2017). Breastfeeding and infant-parent co-sleeping have been both designed for adaptation by natural selection over millions of years of human evolution. Because human infants are born neurologically immature, develop slowly and remain dependent for a long period of time, continuous contact and proximity to the mother served to maximise the chances of infant survival and thus parental reproductive success (Konner, 2005). Feeling connected is hence a human biological necessity.
Hexavalent vaccines in infants: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the solicited local and systemic adverse reactions of two hexavalent vaccines
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Piyali Mukherjee, Essè Ifèbi Hervé Akpo, Anastasia Kuznetsova, Markus Knuf, Sven-Arne Silfverdal, Pope Kosalaraksa, Attila Mihalyi
Except in two studies, serious adverse events were collected throughout the entire study period and at least over six months after the last dose of the primary vaccination. In studies reported by Prymula et al. and Vesikari et al., serious adverse events were recorded during the entire study period but the follow up was limited to one month after the last vaccine dose for infants who did not receive all doses [18,21]. The occurrence of serious adverse events that were reported in the publications ranged from <2.4% [14] to 6.0% [21] in any vaccination group. Serious adverse events that were reported in analyzed publications included: West syndrome [14], asphyxia from obstruction of upper airways by gastric content [14], hepatic cyst [16], cellulitis [16], viral pneumonia [16], bronchial obstruction [16], sudden infant death syndrome [17]. The latter was reported by López et al. and occurred 24 days after the second dose of DT2aP-HBV-IPV-Hib in a participant aged 4.5 months old [17]. Authors reported that this event was not considered to be related to vaccination and that risk factors of co-sleeping with parents, young age, and basic educational level of the mother were identified. In general, the reported serious adverse events were not considered associated with vaccination [14–17]. Only one case of urticaria [21] and another of convulsion [18] were considered by investigators to be related to DT3aP-HBV-IPV-Hib and DT2aP-HBV-IPV-Hib, respectively.
Using functional behavioral assessment to treat sleep problems in two children with autism and vocal stereotypy
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Laurie McLay, Karyn France, Neville Blampied, Jolene Hunter
Sleep onset delay was classified as the number of minutes between the child being bid goodnight, and sleep onset. Sleep-interfering behaviors were defined as behaviors which negatively affected the child’s ability to settle to sleep. These included stereotypic behaviors that did not appear to be sleep conducive or soothing, seeking out activities or items, and so on. NWs were defined as the child waking following initial sleep onset. The duration of awakenings was recording from the time the child was deemed to be awake, to the time at which sleep onset resumed. Co-sleeping was categorized as parent-initiated co-sleeping (i.e. the parent lay with the child in the child’s bed until they fell asleep) and child-initiated co-sleeping (i.e. the child slept in their parents bed). Each of these behaviors was documented from the time the child was bid goodnight, to the time when the child woke to begin the day.
Early Childhood Co-Sleeping Predicts Behavior Problems in Preadolescence: A Prospective Cohort Study
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2021
Zehang Chen, Ying Dai, Xianchen Liu, Jianghong Liu
Co-sleeping history in childhood was established for each child during Wave I data collection, when the child was 3–5 years old. Parents were asked to answer the following question “How does your child usually (i.e. more than four times per week) sleep”, with four options: alone, with parents, with grandparents, and with other people. Co-sleeping was defined as the child sleeping with parents/grandparents/others. A total of 1,274 children with complete data on co-sleeping history and behavioral assessment were included in statistical analysis. Included children were dichotomized to co-sleeping group (n = 1080) and solitary-sleeping group (n = 194).