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Factors Controlling the Microflora of the Healthy Mouth
Published in Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh, Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
Numerous examples are known of symbiosis through food chains where a metabolic product excreted by one oral species is utilized as nutrient or growth factor by another.9,159 Carlsson161 has summarized some of these interactions (Figure 27), and suggested that food webs is a more accurate term than food chains, as there are often several species producing a compound and several others consuming it. Thus, carbon dioxide is produced by Fusobacterium, Eubacterium, Bacteroides, and Peptostreptococcus species and is utilized by capnophilic (CO2-loving) organisms such as Capnocytophaga spp, E. corrodens, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and S. mutans. Campylobacter and Wolinella species require formate and hydrogen, which are produced by several species, among them also B. gingivalis and B. melaninogenicus. The latter two species require hemin, which can be supplied by W. recta,162 and menadione (vitamin K) provided by Veillonella species and others. Veillonella species do not ferment carbohydrates but degrade lactate produced by Streptococcus and Actinomyces species to acetate and hydrogen, which can then be used by other organisms.
Chloramphenicol and Thiamphenicol
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
The Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Veillonella species are usually susceptible (Sutter and Finegold, 1976; George et al., 1981). The uncommonly encountered, motile, anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli such as Butyrivibrio, Succinivibrio, Anaerovibrio, Wolinella, Desulfovibrio, Selenomonas, and Anaerobiospirillum are nearly always susceptible to chloramphenicol (Johnson and Finegold, 1987).
Helicobacter
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Tetsuya Tsukamoto, Yuka Kiriyama, Masae Tatematsu
When Warren and Marshall successfully isolated a hitherto unidentified Gram-negative bacillus from patients with chronic active gastritis, the role of bacteria as a causative factor in gastric disorders was established.3,4 Initially named Campylobacter pyloridis, this flagellated microorganism thrives under microaerophilic condition. Following the description of several features (including the presence of flagellar sheath and bulb, glycocalyx, urease and catalase, and other biochemical characteristics) that discriminate this bacillus from the Campylobacter or Wolinella genuses, Goodwin et al.5 renamed it “Helicobacter pylori.” According to the recent literature,6,7 the Helicobacter genus currently consists of over 30 gastric and enterohepatic species. Readers may refer to the taxonomy database provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information for most updated and detailed information about this bacterial genus.8 Here, we concentrate mainly on H. pylori, since most of the laboratory models were established with this species (Figure 22.1A).
In vitro Candida albicans biofilm formation on different titanium surface topographies
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2020
Mathieu Mouhat, Robert Moorehead, Craig Murdoch
The oral microbiome is reported to contain over 700 species and includes Gram-positive bacteria with genus such as Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium, Pseudoramibacter, Rothia, and Gram-negative organisms with genus Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Desulfobacter, Desulfovibrio, Eikenella, Fusobacterium, Hemophilus, Leptotrichia, Prevotella, Selemonas, Simonsiella, Treponema, Wolinella. Non-bacterial species such as protozoa, viruses and fungi (mainly Candida, Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, Saccharomycetales, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Cryptococcus) are also present [6]. Some of these organisms are able to attach to the oral mucosa, tooth enamel or any inert surface placed in the oral cavity [7,8]. This includes implant surfaces where the microbial community can provoke the development of periodontal and peri-implant diseases [9,10].
Glycoconjugate vaccines: current approaches towards faster vaccine design
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Francesca Micoli, Linda Del Bino, Renzo Alfini, Filippo Carboni, Maria Rosaria Romano, Roberto Adamo
The direct cloning strategy ‘RecET’, developed by Zhang and coworkers [111] enables cloning of large DNA regions from genomic DNA without mutations. This strategy has also been applied to isolate DNA of E. coli O25b, O26, and O55 O-polysaccharide gene cluster sequences, that were used to generate the linear cloning vectors, which were then applied to C. jejuni oligosaccharyltransferases (OTase)-mediated O-polysaccharide conjugation with maltose binding protein [112]. The thus produced conjugates were immunogenic in mice. A cell-free glycoprotein synthesis (CFGpS) technology, integrating protein biosynthesis with asparagine-linked protein glycosylation, has also been developed [113]. This strategy utilizes cell extracts from an optimized E. coli strain that was selectively enriched with glycosylation components such as OTase and lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs), to allow a better control of the elements contributing to the glycoprotein production. After extract preparation by lysis of the source strain, the biosynthesis of N-glycoproteins was initiated by priming with DNA encoding the acceptor protein of choice. The LLO acceptors used in this system included various N-glycan motifs (e.g. the glycan from C. lari and a modified GalNAc5GlcNAc hexasaccharide, the native Wolinella succinogenes hexasaccharide containing a rare sugar at the non-reducing end, the Man3GlcNAc component of several E. coli and K. pneumoniae lipopolysaccharides, and the eukaryotic trimannosyl core N-glycan Man3GlcNAc).
Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and chronic periodontitis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Tábata Larissa S. Pólvora, Átila Vinícius V. Nobre, Camila Tirapelli, Mário Taba, Leandro Dorigan de Macedo, Rodrigo Carvalho Santana, Bruno Pozzetto, Alan Grupioni Lourenço, Ana Carolina F. Motta
Prior to the introduction of ART, 1995, periodontal lesions associated with HIV-1 infection progressed rapidly and involved intense pain and rapid periodontal tissue loss. Microbiological studies in the pre-ART era have reported increased levels of periodontopathogens in HIV-1-infected individuals with periodontal disease, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Eikenella corrodens [43]. These findings suggest a correlation between ‘periodontopathogenic’ bacteria and periodontal destruction, with emphasis on increased levels of Pg DNA in HIV-1-infected individuals, a species strongly associated with loss of clinical attachment and also reactivation of latent virus [44]. In addition, an increase in the levels of Wolinella recta was reported in individuals with periodontitis compared to those with gingivitis, both HIV-1-infected; this species is associated with loss attachment [45].