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Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Food-borne disease causes significant illness in people in both developed and underdeveloped countries. The microorganisms responsible include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and worms. Morbidity depends on the pathogen, the susceptibility of the infected humans, and the medical care available. Diarrheal diseases have a strong cyclical occurrence. Higher temperatures favor the prevalence of food-borne illnesses caused by pathogens that replicate on foods at high ambient temperatures. Production of staphylococcal toxins, a common contaminant of food is also associated with high temperature. Other bacteria that are food contaminants are Campylobacter jejuni, which is acquired by drinking contaminated milk or water or by eating improperly cooked poultry meat, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by eating undercooked meat. Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae, as well as Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanenis, and Trichenella spiralis are also transmitted by food.
Autoimmune conditions
Published in Ibrahim Natalwala, Ammar Natalwala, E Glucksman, MCQs in Neurology and Neurosurgery for Medical Students, 2022
Ibrahim Natalwala, Ammar Natalwala, E Glucksman
Increased protein levels with a near-normal cell count in the CSF together with the history are highly suggestive of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). This classic finding is also known as albuminocytologic dissociation. The syndrome is associated with recent infections that result in autoimmune attack of peripheral myelin due to molecular mimicry. Campylobacter jejuni, which causes a severe gastroenteritis, is a common antecedent to this syndrome. Inflammation and demyelination of ventral roots causes symmetric ascending muscle weakness beginning in the distal lower extremities. Paralysis of muscles required for respiration can occur if left untreated, leading to respiratory depression or even death. Autonomic dysfunction can result in cardiac arrhythmias as well as hypertension or hypotension.14
Other Neurologic Diseases in Pregnancy
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Loralei L. Thornburg, Meredith L. Birsner
Guillain–Barré syndrome is typically “triggered” by a systemic illness 2–4 weeks prior to onset of symptoms. A wide variety of infections and immune triggers have been implicated in this disease, with Campylobacter jejuni often cited as one of the most common.
Campylobacter jejuni induces autoimmune peripheral neuropathy via Sialoadhesin and Interleukin-4 axes
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Ankit Malik, Jean M. Brudvig, Barbie J. Gadsden, Alexander D. Ethridge, Linda S. Mansfield
Campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative foodborne bacterium that affects 1.4 million individuals annually in the United States and is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide.1Campylobacter jejuni is ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of chickens and food animals2,3 and ingestion of contaminated meat or milk results in inflammatory diarrhea of the colon that can be hemorrhagic. The majority of healthy adults with campylobacteriosis experience GI disease for 7–10 days followed by resolution, but it has been a cause of mortality in high-risk individuals.4,5 Infection or disease due to C. jejuni has also been linked to development and flare-ups of other chronic enteric diseases including Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.6,7
Immuno-modulatory effect of probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 in polarized human colonic cells against Campylobacter jejuni infection
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Yosra A. Helmy, Issmat I. Kassem, Gireesh Rajashekara
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most frequent causes of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide.1 Common symptoms associated with C. jejuni infection are diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. C. jejuni infections can also lead to neurological disorders, such as Guillain-Barre´ and Miller Fisher syndromes.2 Chickens are considered the major reservoir and source of human infection.2 Currently, there is no effective method available to reduce human infections or to decrease C. jejuni colonization in chickens. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter poses serious public health concerns. Therefore, antibiotic-alternative approaches are needed for sustainable food production.3 Recently, the immune-modulatory therapeutics such as probiotic bacteria, as antibiotic alternatives, are used to control various infectious diseases by targeting the host rather than the pathogen to avoid the selection pressure and the evolution of antibiotic-resistant infections.4Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a probiotic bacterium, has been shown to have a beneficial effect on human and animal health.5,6 EcN persistently colonizes the host and has been shown to; 1) possess immunomodulatory effects,7,8 2) stimulate the intestinal barrier functions,9 3) produce antimicrobial compounds such as bacteriocins and microcins,10 and 4) antagonize epithelial colonization and invasion by pathogenic bacteria.11,12
Functional analysis and cryo-electron microscopy of Campylobacter jejuni serine protease HtrA
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Urszula Zarzecka, Alessandro Grinzato, Eaazhisai Kandiah, Dominik Cysewski, Paola Berto, Joanna Skorko-Glonek, Giuseppe Zanotti, Steffen Backert
Campylobacter jejuni is an important Gram-negative human pathogen responsible for gastrointestinal infections known as campylobacteriosis. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reported in 2017 that campylobacteriosis had become the most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union, representing almost 70% of all the reported cases of infection in humans.1 Although the infection is self-limiting in most cases, in a subset of individuals campylobacteriosis may lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) or Miller Fisher syndrome, which are autoimmune conditions.2 In addition, a correlation was observed between various pathological gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Barrett’s esophagus, colorectal cancer and C. jejuni infection.3 The optimum temperature for growth of C. jejuni is 42°C, which means that the bacteria adapted to the body temperature in birds. Thus, C. jejuni can be frequently isolated from chicken and other poultry, which serve as hosts and reservoirs that are colonized asymptomatically.4,5 Moreover, C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli together are responsible for more than 95% of Campylobacter infections in humans.6 The potential sources of C. jejuni infections are handling or consumption of contaminated (undercooked) meat, cross-contaminated other foods, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water, or direct animal contact via household pets and farm animals.7