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Infection and immunology
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
5.1. Blood cultures are usually positive in cases ofsupraglottic croup (epiglottitis).Campylobacter gastroenteritis.whooping cough.bronchiolitis.bacterial meningitis.
Gastrointestinal and liver infections
Published in Michael JG Farthing, Anne B Ballinger, Drug Therapy for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 2019
Antibiotics are indicated for the treatment of dysenteric shigellosis,74-79Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea,80-83 amoebiasis84 and balantidiasis83 (Table 6.8). Antibiotic therapy is also of value in Yersinia septicaemia and when there is associated bone and joint infections86, 87 but its value in milder forms of enteritis has not been established, again usually because the antibiotic has been administered late in the natural history of the infection.88 Similarly, the role of antibiotic therapy in Campylobacter infection remains controversial89, 90 There is good evidence that antibiotics do not alter the natural history of the illness if treatment is begun more than 4 days after the onset of symptoms. One randomized controlled trial has shown that treatment with erythromycin early in the infection significantly reduces the duration of the illness in children,91 although a second study failed to confirm these findings.92
Bacteria Causing Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
B. Vinoth, M. Krishna Raja, B. Agieshkumar
The incubation period is 1–3 days and can extend up to 10 days. The illness typically present with acute onset abdominal pain and diarrhea. The pain is colic and periumbilical. Diarrhea is the most common symptom of Campylobacter and is seen in almost 90% of cases. It is bloody in 50% of cases, and the frequency may be up to 10 or more times a day. Prodromal illness is seen in one-third of cases, usually lasting 1–3 days before the onset of abdominal pain and diarrhea and includes fever with rigors, headache, dizziness, myalgia, lassitude, anorexia, and vomiting. Patients with prodrome have a more severe illness. The illness is usually self-limited, and patients recover within 7 days with a mortality as low as less than 0.1%. Relapses are seen in 25% of the cases.
A porcine ligated loop model reveals new insight into the host immune response against Campylobacter jejuni
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Nicholas M Negretti, Yinyin Ye, Lais M Malavasi, Swechha M Pokharel, Steven Huynh, Susan Noh, Cassidy L Klima, Christopher R Gourley, Claude A Ragle, Santanu Bose, Torey Looft, Craig T Parker, Geremy Clair, Joshua N Adkins, Michael E Konkel
Tissues infected with the C. jejuni wild-type strain and non-infected tissues from the three 30-hour experiments were examined for histological changes caused by infection. In the infected loops from two of the three animals, enterocytes at the villous tips were often distorted. Occasional enterocytes were hypereosinophilic and had dense chromatin, indicating necrosis. Associated enterocytes were rounded and dissociated. These markers were not present in the C. jejuni ∆ciaD mutant-infected nor in the non-infected tissues. Overall, the lesions were consistent with Campylobacter infection. These findings support the proposal that damage of the IECs occurs after 30 hours. Representative microscopic sections of the intestinal loops are presented in Figure 6a-c.
Direct Gram staining and its various benefits in the diagnosis of bacterial infections
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2018
Campylobacter is the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide and the causative agent of ¼ of all diarrheal diseases [48]. Although DGS is usually not performed on stool specimens, in the case of Campylobacter infections, it can be helpful because of the characteristic spiral shape of the bacteria. In the study of Ghosh et al. [27], DGS had a higher (63.6%) sensitivity than that of the culture (37.2%), although lower than that of PCR (96.7%). Similar results (DGS sensitivity of 64.3% with a specificity of 93.4%) have been reported by Mushi et al. [49]. Therefore, the detection of abundant gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria and inflammatory cells in DGSs from feces can be suggestive for campylobacteriosis. This is of value because treatment of Campylobacter infections is different from that for other causative agents of enterocolitis and the drugs of choice for severe Campylobacter infections are macrolides such as azithromycin [50,51].
Seroprevalence and risk factors for Campylobacter jejuni seropositivity in Jordan
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
The univariate analysis showed that drinking any spring lake water was a risk factor for seropositivity, while drinking filtered water was a protective factor. Spring lake water is water that comes from natural springs opening and runs in the valleys and is used mainly for irrigation but is sometimes used as a water source. In the grazing months of spring and summer, sheep, goats and cows also drink from this water. The disappearance of the effect of drinking spring lake water as risk factor in the final multivariate regression is not uncommon in this kind of study. In this data set, there was a correlation between drinking spring lake water and small ruminant ownership because spring lake water can be used to water small grazing ruminants, while farmers and shepherds are likely drink from this water. Water is considered a major route of Campylobacter species transmission for humans and animals and contaminated water has been the culprit for several outbreaks in different countries [35–37]. Drinking untreated water was an important risk factor for campylobacteriosis in Norway [38]. Several studies documented the prevalence of Campylobacter in different water sources. For example, C. jejuni was isolated from 1.0% of drinking water samples in northern Greece [39]. C. jejuni, C. coli, or C. lari were also detected in 70% of water samples from rivers or lakes of Poland [40]. These studies support the role of contaminated water in the transmission of Campylobacter to humans. Another study in Canada found that individuals who drink from private wells rather than municipal water systems are at a higher risk for campylobacteriosis [41].