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Campylobacter
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Hongsheng Huang, Catherine D. Carrillo, Emma Sproston
Campylobacteriosis is normally a self-limiting disease where treatment is not usually required, except, on occasion, to replace the electrolytes and fluid that have been lost through diarrhea (1,28,40). Antimicrobials may be used if damage to the tissues exists due to the invasion of epithelial cells, or in immunologically compromised patients who may display more severe symptoms (1). The most common antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of Campylobacter infections are macrolides, such as erythromycin and fluoroquinolones (FQs) (e.g., ciprofloxacin). Tetracyclines and gentamicin have been suggested as an alternative choice for the treatment of clinical campylobacteriosis, but in practice they are not often used (4,28). The development of severe secondary complications, such as GBS, may follow Campylobacter infection and require medical supportive care and immunological treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange (40).
Campylobacter Jejuni Infection
Published in Meera Chand, John Holton, Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
Campylobacteriosis disease is a global zoonosis (a disease transmitted from animals to humans) because Campylobacter is part of the normal flora of many animals raised for food such as poultry, cattle, pigs, sheep, and shellfish. Campylobacteriosis can also be acquired from companion animals, including dogs or cats, and from petting zoos. It has even been postulated the tops of milk bottles could become contaminated with Campylobacter spp. by birds pecking their tops.
Bradley Classification of disease transmission routes for water-related hazards *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
The disease burden, including that associated with some faecal–oral diseases, includes a number of sequelae (i.e. delayed and often chronic effects consequent to the original infection) that should be taken into consideration. An example is Guillain-Barré syndrome. This is an adverse neurological outcome that affects a small proportion of people following a viral or bacterial infection such as campylobacteriosis. The long-term debilitating effects, while experienced by only a proportion of those infected, weigh heavily.
Campylobacter jejuni induces autoimmune peripheral neuropathy via Sialoadhesin and Interleukin-4 axes
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Ankit Malik, Jean M. Brudvig, Barbie J. Gadsden, Alexander D. Ethridge, Linda S. Mansfield
Campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative foodborne bacterium that affects 1.4 million individuals annually in the United States and is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide.1Campylobacter jejuni is ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of chickens and food animals2,3 and ingestion of contaminated meat or milk results in inflammatory diarrhea of the colon that can be hemorrhagic. The majority of healthy adults with campylobacteriosis experience GI disease for 7–10 days followed by resolution, but it has been a cause of mortality in high-risk individuals.4,5 Infection or disease due to C. jejuni has also been linked to development and flare-ups of other chronic enteric diseases including Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.6,7
Peptidase PepP is a novel virulence factor of Campylobacter jejuni contributing to murine campylobacteriosis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Markus M. Heimesaat, Anna-Maria Schmidt, Soraya Mousavi, Ulrike Escher, Nicole Tegtmeyer, Silja Wessler, Gabriele Gadermaier, Peter Briza, Dirk Hofreuter, Stefan Bereswill, Steffen Backert
Foodborne diseases caused by Campylobacter, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli, and other enteropathogenic bacterial species represent significant public health burdens, responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in children.1 Of these pathogens, Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for approximately 96 million enteritis cases in humans worldwide.2 The natural niche of C. jejuni is the avian intestine, where the bacteria reside as commensals, but in mammals and especially in humans they may cause gastroenteritis. The pathogen enters the food chain via contaminated animal products, and consumption of contaminated poultry meat is a major recognized risk factor.3 Typically, following oral uptake in humans, C. jejuni colonizes the mucus layer of the large intestine. While the infection can remain asymptomatic, possibly related to the immune status and low-dose or regular exposure,4 the majority of sporadic exposure incidents result in symptoms ranging from mild, self-limiting diarrhea to severe inflammatory bloody diarrhea, often accompanied by fever and abdominal pain. This clinical manifestation of campylobacteriosis is practically indistinguishable from salmonellosis.5 Infections with C. jejuni are potentially also associated with serious sequelae, including Guillain–Barré syndrome, irritable bowel disease, and reactive arthritis.6
Functional analysis and cryo-electron microscopy of Campylobacter jejuni serine protease HtrA
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Urszula Zarzecka, Alessandro Grinzato, Eaazhisai Kandiah, Dominik Cysewski, Paola Berto, Joanna Skorko-Glonek, Giuseppe Zanotti, Steffen Backert
Campylobacter jejuni is an important Gram-negative human pathogen responsible for gastrointestinal infections known as campylobacteriosis. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reported in 2017 that campylobacteriosis had become the most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union, representing almost 70% of all the reported cases of infection in humans.1 Although the infection is self-limiting in most cases, in a subset of individuals campylobacteriosis may lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) or Miller Fisher syndrome, which are autoimmune conditions.2 In addition, a correlation was observed between various pathological gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Barrett’s esophagus, colorectal cancer and C. jejuni infection.3 The optimum temperature for growth of C. jejuni is 42°C, which means that the bacteria adapted to the body temperature in birds. Thus, C. jejuni can be frequently isolated from chicken and other poultry, which serve as hosts and reservoirs that are colonized asymptomatically.4,5 Moreover, C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli together are responsible for more than 95% of Campylobacter infections in humans.6 The potential sources of C. jejuni infections are handling or consumption of contaminated (undercooked) meat, cross-contaminated other foods, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water, or direct animal contact via household pets and farm animals.7