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Cancer
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Some infections increase the risk of developing cancer. Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach lining, often acquired through contaminated food or water in childhood. It rarely causes problems, but it can cause stomach ulcers from which cancer may develop. It is also associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, bowel cancer and oesophageal cancer.Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HBC) viruses are carried in body fluids, including blood. If the body is unable to fight the viruses, they can cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma and liver cancer.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is mostly spread through contact with an infected person’s fluids such as blood, semen and breast milk. It lowers immunity, making people less able to fight viruses that cause cancer, including rare viruses such as Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus.There are hundreds of types of human papillomavirus (HPV), but only 13 cause cancer. HPV spreads by skin-to-skin contact. Genital and oral HPV can cause cancer in the cervix, vagina, vulva and penis, and anal and some mouth and tongue cancers.(Cancer Research UK, 2019)
Two Centimeter D1–2 Anterior Perforation Presenting 24 Hours Later
Published in Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
Rationale for choice of the procedure: Simple omental patch closure is a quick procedure ideally suited for patients with significant comorbid illnesses and those who present late with features of shock. The availability of potent anti-secretory agents and antibiotic therapy for Helicobacter pylori have made acid-reducing procedures less preferred. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug related perforations (as in our patient) usually do not require acid-reducing procedures as the drug can be stopped or substituted in most instances. The location of perforation also determines the surgical approach. A perforation located in the first part of duodenum just beyond the pylorus may be easily incorporated in a pyloroplasty, and hence may be treated with a pyloroplasty. In such situations, a truncal vagotomy can be added. A distally located perforation (as in our case) cannot be included in a pyloroplasty, and thus would require a separate drainage procedure if truncal vagotomy is added. Although, a highly selective vagotomy without a drainage procedure is possible, but it is time consuming and may not be suitable for such sick patients.
Helicobacter pylori
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium, transmitted human to human and often acquired in childhood. Infection is chronic. Initially, the infection is asymptomatic but later on progresses to gastritis with development of a peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Helicobacter pylori eradication cures gastritis and can alter the progression to long-term complications, or recurrence of disease.
The application of new gastric cancer screening score system for gastric cancer screening and risk assessment of gastric precancerous lesions in China
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Xiaoteng Wang, Qiping Zhang, Feng Han, Yiming Wu
Five hundred and twenty patients who underwent upper endoscopy for epigastric discomfort and other clinical reasons in The First Hospital of Jiaxing were enrolled into the study prospectively from June 2018 to December 2021. The study protocol was conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and approved in January 2018 by the ethics Committee of The First Hospital of Jiaxing (LS2018-031). All patients signed informed consent before the study started and were free to refuse participation in the study. Exclusion criteria of the patients were as follows: ① oral proton pump inhibitor, antibiotics or anticoagulation for the last month. ② severe systemic diseases (e.g., serious cardiac dysfunction, respiratory failure or severe mental disorder). ③ history of helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. ④ postgastrectomy.
Host immune response mediates changes in cagA copy number and virulence potential of Helicobacter pylori
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Sungil Jang, Lori M. Hansen, Hanfu Su, Jay V. Solnick, Jeong-Heon Cha
Helicobacter pylori causes chronic gastritis and is the major risk factor for peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.1,2 The fact that this bacterial species colonizes over half the human population,3 and gastric cancer is the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death,4 suggests the importance of H. pylori in human health. To achieve a successful lifelong colonization in the human stomach, the bacteria must adapt to highly variable host environments, which change with age and health conditions. In fact, genetic variation among H. pylori strains is sufficient to reflect genetic differences in human populations from which they were isolated.5,6 This suggests that H. pylori and human hosts have undergone coevolution, interacting with each other, which affects disease development.7 This H. pylori genomic evolution has been demonstrated not only in cross-sectional population studies, but also in real time during natural infection of humans, as well as experimental infection of humans and laboratory animals.8–14
The clinical evidence for postbiotics as microbial therapeutics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alexis Mosca, Ana Teresa Abreu Y Abreu, Kok Ann Gwee, Gianluca Ianiro, Jan Tack, Thi Viet Ha Nguyen, Colin Hill
Postbiotics may also help improve the efficacy of standard treatment for Helicobacter pylori infections. Lactobacilli has been shown to inhibit the attachment of Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelial cells in in vitro studies.51 Furthermore, L. acidophilus LB spent culture supernatant decreases H. pylori viability, regardless of pH and lactic acid levels, in vitro and in vivo.51 Heat stabilized L. acidophilus LB was given to in addition to the standard treatment to H. pylori positive patients in an open-label, prospective, randomized trial. It was demonstrated that adding L. acidophilus to the standard treatment significantly increases eradication rates compared to standard treatment alone.52