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Cancer (Gastric)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Stomach cancer usually begins in the mucus-producing cells that line the stomach. This type of cancer is known as adenocarcinoma. Stomach cancer is difficult to diagnosis because individuals with early gastric cancer often do not have any symptoms. Also, early symptoms that do present, such as fullness, heartburn, or indigestion, are typically nonspecific and mimic other gastrointestinal diseases. The disease is more common among men and those in their 50s. Weight loss and blood in the stool can be key symptoms as the disease further develops. Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world.
Abdominal surgery
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
Those patients who have stomach cancer involving the last part of the stomach can present with obstructive symptoms, including profuse vomiting. This is extremely unpleasant and in many instances these patients are better treated with a bypass procedure. Although the procedure does not prolong life, it improves quality of life.
Gastrointestinal cancer
Published in Peter Hoskin, Peter Ostler, Clinical Oncology, 2020
Overall, around 20% of patients will survive for 5 years and 15% will survive for 10 years or more after a diagnosis of stomach cancer. The survival rates have increased dramatically from around 5%–15% in the past 40 years. Early gastric cancer has a 5-year survival of over 70%. Adverse prognostic factors include increasing tumour stage at presentation, unresectable disease, diffuse morphology and poor tumour differentiation. It also decreases with age from 35% for <50 years to only 8% for over 80 years.
Trends and Projections of Stomach Cancer Incidence in Hong Kong: A Population-Based Study
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2023
Liping Yang, Haifeng Sun, Yan Bai, Shengzhi Sun, Xiaoming Wu, Zhenhai Gan, Jianqiang Du, Jianfei Du
We obtained data on stomach cancer incidence in Hong Kong by sex, age group, and calendar year from 1994 to 2018 from the HKCaR (2). HKCaR is a population-based cancer registry in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China and a member of the International Association of Cancer Registries (IARC). The data in HKCaR have reached the highest standards for developed countries as portrayed by the World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer. Considering the slightly lower quality of the data from the earlier stage and the requirements of APC analysis, we only selected data from 1994 onward. Stomach cancer was classified according to the International Classification of Diseases 9th/10th revision (151/C16). We excluded age groups younger than 30 years due to the low incidence in these groups. We obtained Hong Kong population data by sex, age group, and calendar year from the 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects of the Union Nations Population Division (based on the UN medium-fertility variant) (14). We used the WHO standard population for age standardization.
Potential utility of nano-based treatment approaches to address the risk of Helicobacter pylori
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sohaib Khan, Mohamed Sharaf, Ishfaq Ahmed, Tehsin Ullah Khan, Samah Shabana, Muhammad Arif, Syed Shabi Ul Hassan Kazmi, Chenguang Liu
The transmission of H. pylori from person to person can occur through saliva, and it might be spread out through the excrement of food or water, untreated water, poor hygiene, and crowded conditions that largely contribute to the prevalence of H. pylori infection [49]. In brief, it is more likely to be transmitted within the household conditions as it enters the body through the oral cavity and travels to the digestive system, where it infects the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, thereby causing inflammation at the targeted area. The most peculiar characteristic of H. pylori is to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach. It produces urease upon entering the stomach, which then reacts with urea to form ammonia and neutralizes the surrounding environment, consequently leads to the overproduction of the stomach acid (Figure 1) illustrates the invasion of H. pylori infection in the stomach that comprises of six steps; 1) movement of the pathogen through normal stomach lining (mucosa), 2) causing inflammation of the stomach lining (chronic gastritis), 3) loss of stomach cells and weakening of digestive system (atrophic gastritis), 4) transformation of the stomach lining (intestinal metaplasia), 5) initial stages of stomach cancer (dysplasia), and finally cause stomach cancer (gastric adenocarcinoma) [49].
Current and future molecular diagnostics of gastric cancer
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Rachel Sin-Yu Choi, Wing Yin Xenia Lai, Lok Ting Claire Lee, Wing Lam Christa Wong, Xiao Meng Pei, Hin Fung Tsang, Joel Johnson Leung, William Chi Shing Cho, Man Kee Maggie Chu, Elaine Yue Ling Wong, Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
A diagram summarizing various carcinogenic mechanisms and diagnostic tests for GC, of which some tests are used in combination to enable sample collection of suspicious tissues and confirmation of disease. Upper endoscopy is the main test to identify stomach cancer, where the endoscopy is placed into the stomach to provide visualization of tissue lining. Biopsies can be taken with endoscopy to confirm disease using microscopes. EUS is a combination of endoscopy and imaging tests, where small transducer is placed on the tip of the endoscope and then into the stomach of sedated patient to produce images of stomach wall layers, as well as nearby lymph nodes, which enables the prediction of spread of tumor and aids EUS-guided biopsies. IHC is often the first biopsy test carried out, where antibodies against HER2 proteins are applied. Color change observed under the microscope is indicative of HER2 positive or negative tumors. IHC test results range from 0 to 3+, where 0 or 1+ results indicate the tumor is HER2-negative; 2+ indicates ambiguous results that require further testing (e.g. FISH); and 3+ indicates a HER2-positive tumor that can be treated with trastuzumab. X-rays, CT scans, MRI and PET scans can produce detailed images of the stomach lining, which are less invasive to determine cancer stage and guide biopsy needle into a suspected area of cancer spread [93,94].