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Biodiscovery of Marine Microbial Enzymes in Indonesia
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Ekowati Chasanah, Pujo Yuwono, Dewi Seswita Zilda, Siswa Setyahadi
CDA (E.C. 3.5.1.4.1) is a key enzyme in replacing the unfriendly chemical process of chitosan production by hydrolyzing the acetamido group of chitin polymers. CDAs have been isolated from several microorganisms, first from Mucor rouxii (Araki & Ito, 1975); however, CDA research is not reported on as much as chitinase and chitosanase are, which might be due to a problem in the CDA assay. Besides CDA, chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase (COD; EC 3.5.1.105) is also able to produce β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc-GlcN) from (GlcNAc)2 (Hirano et al., 2015). Enzyme assays for deacetylation activity of CDAs and COD are based on monitoring acetate release by ultraviolet (UV) absorbance changes, radiolabeled substrates and coupled enzymatic assays or formation of free amino groups with chromogenic or fluorogenic reagents, such as fluorescamine, o-phthalaldehyde, or ninhydrin (Pascual & Planas, 2018). COD and chitinase (glycosyl hydrolase [GH] or GH family 18) had been reported to be produced by marine bacteria, Vibrio parahaemolyticus KN1699 isolated from a Yatsu dry beach (Narashino, Chiba Prefecture, Japan) (Hirano et al., 2015). Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a member of Vibrionacea, a family of gram-negative and facultative anaerobes bacteria under the phylum Proteobacteria, inhabitants of fresh- or saltwater/marine environments. This result gives insight into marine environments, including Indonesia’s marine environments, being a rich source of CDA or COD enzymes.
Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Waterborne microorganisms have been estimated to account for almost forty percent of the annual mortality due to infectious disease. They include Salmonella, Shigella, and V. cholerae. Vibrio cholerae, in addition to being acquired and spread through food, is also spread by bathing in or drinking contaminated water. It remains endemic in India, Bangladesh, and Africa. It has recently caused epidemics in the Americas. In the United States it exists in waters in the gulf coast of Texas, Louisiana, and Florida, Chesapeake Bay, the California coast, and coastal waters to the north. Vibrio cholerae occurs in riverine, brackish water, and estuarine ecosystems, being part of the natural flora of plankton and is found in the gut of, and attached to the surface of, both freshwater and marine copepods. Outbreaks in humans seem to be related to plankton blooms associated with warm sea-surface temperatures. The phytoplankton blooms are a food source for the copepods upon which the cholera bacterium thrives. Movement of tidal waters carries the algal blooms and copepods toward land and into rivers, bringing the bacterium into contact with humans who use this water for bathing or as a source of drinking water. Vibrio vulnificus is another Vibrio that could be found in estuarine waters and from shellfish and occasionally infects man in the U.S.
Diagnostic Approach to Rash and Fever in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Lee S. Engel, Charles V. Sanders, Fred A. Lopez
Vibrio vulnificus has been associated with two distinct syndromes: septicemia and wound infection [258,259]. A third syndrome of gastrointestinal illness has also been suggested [260]. Primary septicemia is a fulminant illness that occurs after the consumption of contaminated raw shellfish. Consumption of raw oysters within 14 days preceding the illness has been reported in 96% of the cases [261]. Wound infection occurs after a pre-existing or newly acquired wound is exposed to contaminated seawater.
Eat clean and safe food: a food-based dietary guideline for the elderly in South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Makenzie Miller, Wilna Oldewage-Theron, Carin Napier
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also found a higher incidence of people infected with Vibrio, Yersenia and Listeria species in people 60 years and older.5Vibrio species, often present in raw or undercooked seafood and shellfish, was also identified as a burdensome disease agent in the AFRICAN E subregion.1, 40 The burden of Yersinia species in Africa, however, remains unknown.1Listeria can be found in a variety of cold, ready-to-eat foods, such as pre-made sandwiches, pâté, butter, soft, mould-ripened cheeses, cooked, sliced meats and smoked salmon; contamination cannot be detected with sense of smell, taste or sight. The prevalence of Listeria infection has increased dramatically in recent years, especially in the 65 years and older age group.38 In fact, the world’s largest reported outbreak of Listeria recently occurred in SA.41 Caused by contamination of ready-to-eat processed meat products, the outbreak resulted in a total of 1060 reported cases of listeriosis between January 1, 2017 and July 17, 2018.41 According to the last situation report published before the outbreak was declared officially over in September 2018, of all age groups, adults 65 years and older experienced the highest proportion of confirmed deaths per total reported cases.42–43
In silico analysis revealing CsrA roles in motility-sessility switching and tuning VBNC cells in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Dan Wang, Steve H. Flint, Dragana Gagic, Jon S. Palmer, Graham C. Fletcher, Stephen L. W. On
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative, foodborne pathogenic bacterium found in estuarine and coastal marine environments throughout the world. Exposure to V. parahaemolyticus, especially via undercooked or raw seafood, can lead to gastroenteritis, septicaemia or even death (Chao et al. 2010). V. parahaemolyticus survival has been reported to be enhanced within the habitat of a biofilm matrix (Costerton et al. 1999). Biofilms are comprised of sessile microbial communities adhering to a surface inside a self-produced matrix made up of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) including polysaccharides, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids and extracellular DNA (e-DNA) (Flemming et al. 2007; Sadiq et al. 2019). The endurance and environment-adaptability of biofilms enable the bacterial cells within them to survive environmental stress.
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for Vibrio parahaemolyticus: recent developments and improvements
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Karanth Padyana Anupama, Anirban Chakraborty, Iddya Karunasagar, Indrani Karunasagar, Biswajit Maiti
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an inhabitant of the estuarine and marine environment. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterium, which has evolved as the primary cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in humans [3]. The pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus is mainly attributed to the presence of two major virulence factors, i.e. thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and thermostable related hemolysins (TRH) [4]. However, thermolabile hemolysin (TLH) is used in the identification of both virulent and avirulent strains, since, the gene is typically present in all the strains of V. parahaemolyticus and does not contribute any pathogenicity of the organism [5]. Unlike the clinical strains, the majority of environmental isolates of V. parahaemolyticus do not produce TRH and/or TDH but produces other virulence factors such as extracellular proteases, siderophores, biofilms, etc. However, 1–10% of these environmental isolates do show the presence of tdh and/or trh [6,7], which could be a great concern for public health. Thus, the presence of pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus as a natural inhabitant in the estuarine and marine environment is a major threat to the public health. In addition, the secretion systems (T3SS2, T3SS6) also play a significant role in the pathogenicity [8]. Recent reports show that adhesion factors such as VpadF can also contribute to the pathogenicity of the bacteria [9,10]. V. parahaemolyticus is a multi-serotype bacterium, possessing at least twelve different O antigens and more than seventy different K antigens [11,12].