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Impact of Lifestyle on Cardiometabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Cindy Lamendola, Jane Nelson Worel
Reaven’s research on the pathophysiology of insulin resistance discusses the variability of insulin resistance within a population of people without T2D as 50% due to influences in genetics and 50% due to influences in lifestyle, specifically physical inactivity, and obesity (Reaven, 1988; Reaven, 2000). Others have suggested a different pathophysiology with obesity as the modulator of insulin resistance and the clustering of CV risk factors (Alberti et al., 2009). Understanding the significance of this syndrome to identifying individuals who will be at increased risk for CVD and T2D has been an integral part of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the American Heart Association (AHA) cholesterol-lowering guidelines identified as the metabolic syndrome (Grundy et al. 2002; Grundy et al., 2005).
The Pathophysiology of Childhood Obesity
Published in Fima Lifshitz, Childhood Nutrition, 2020
In summary, much is known about the pathophysiology of obesity in adults (Figure 2). However, less is known about the pathophysiology of obesity in children. Additional factors have to be considered when conducting research into the causes of childhood obesity. First of all, children are growing, and their nutrient requirements change as they age. Also, children have no control over their environment. They live with their parents and are taught the values and beliefs of their parents, and when in school, they are subjected to whatever nutritional education a particular school offers. The predisposition to obesity may begin right after birth. Future studies of energy metabolism in newborn infants may provide future evidence that childhood obesity begins from the first days of life if not before.
Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Human Obesity
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Handbook of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, 2019
David Albuquerque, Sara Carmo-Silva, Daniel Álvarez-Vaca, Célia Aveleira, Clévio Nóbrega
All the presented evidence shows just how intricate the pathophysiology of obesity is, depending on the central nervous system (hypothalamus) and periphery communication, as well as impact of other factors such as genetics, age, gender, and environment. Mitochondria dysfunction poses as a consequence of nutrient excess occurring in obesity, compromising cellular function and viability, threatening the normal physiology of whole body. However, mitochondria dysfunction per se, occurring in normal aging or even upon genetic events, can trigger obesity and other metabolic alterations. Furthermore, evidence also show that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, are necessary for cell physiology to cope with stress and regulate the normal cellular processes. Thus, therapeutic approaches for obesity targeting mitochondria will always have to consider the specific characteristic of the individual that might determine mitochondria activity and fitness.
Burden of illness associated with overweight and obesity in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the United States: analysis of the premier healthcare database from April 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Nina Kim, Abdalla Aly, Chris Craver, W. Timothy Garvey
Several aspects related to the pathophysiology of obesity could explain its adverse effects on COVID-19 outcomes. First, obesity has been shown to compromise immune function and to be characterized by systemic inflammation with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines7,8. Second, patients with obesity have compromised respiratory function and reduced lung capacity due to mechanical limitations of the lung and chest wall. This can result in long-term effects including asthma and hypoventilation in patients without COVID-19 and could clearly increase the need for assisted mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19. Finally, obesity can exacerbate cardiometabolic disease and is associated with complications such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) that could make patients with COVID-19 more susceptible to severe disease. Even so, it is unclear to what degree the poor outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and obesity are associated with BMI in isolation or the cardiometabolic complications of obesity9. Along these same lines, the biomechanical complications including sleep apnea, decreased mobility, as well as the reductions in ventilatory volume could adversely affect outcomes9.
A comprehensive systematic review of the effectiveness of Akkermansia muciniphila, a member of the gut microbiome, for the management of obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Neda Roshanravan, Sepideh Bastani, Helda Tutunchi, Behnam Kafil, Omid Nikpayam, Naimeh Mesri Alamdari, Amir Hadi, Simin Sotoudeh, Samad Ghaffari, Alireza Ostadrahimi
The World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies overweight and obesity as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health” (Organization W H., 2016). Currently, overweight and obesity are among the most significant health epidemics in the 21st century, that affect more than 600 million adults and 100 million children worldwide (Afshin et al., 2017, Pahlavani et al.2020b). Obesity is associated with a wide range of comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), several cancers, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and other metabolic disturbances (Abdelaal et al.2017, Zhang et al.2019). Obesity as a chronic process leading to other chronic diseses and associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, therefore in the past few years a range of natural treatments to control inflammation and oxidative stress have been proposed (Ndisang et al.2014, Pahlavani et al.2019, 2020a). The pathophysiology of obesity involves facets of gene-diet/lifestyle interactions (Li et al.2017). In recent decades, gut microbiota-host interactions have become an intense focus area, given the significant implications of gut microbiota in the states of health and disease (Bohan et al.2019). Evidence has indicated a role for disturbed gut microbiota to develop obesity and other associated risks (Wallace et al.2011).
Biochanin A attenuates obesity cardiomyopathy in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation through the Nrf-2 pathway
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Jansy Isabella Rani A, V. V. Sathibabu Uddandrao, Sangeethadevi G, Saravanan G, Chandrasekaran P, Sengottuvelu S, Tamilmani P, Sethumathi P P, S. Vadivukkarasi
Obesity is associated with cardiometabolic complications such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure, coronary vein illness, stroke, and mortality (Bray et al. 2018). Edible fat is one of the most significant risk factors for CVDs; elevated cholesterol and saturated fat diets increase the risk of atherosclerosis (McNamara 2000). Chronic oxidative stress and inflammation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity-associated CVD (Fernandez-Sanchez et al. 2011). Uncontrolled production of provocative cytokines and ROS due to hyperlipidaemia weakens the customary cell capacity and induces cell apoptosis in various tissues, including the heart (Wende et al. 2012). Therefore, due to the potential roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in CVDs, molecules with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can improve the efficiency of remedial interventions for obesity and HFD-induced CVD. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of BCA on the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation through the Nrf-2 pathway.