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Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans) is cosmopolitan, with dogs as the definitive host. The adult worms are 4 to 10cm long and inhabit dog intestines. Toxocara eggs are thick shelled and spherical. Humans are incidental hosts (32). Toxocara eggs pass into soil, mature, and are ingested by rodents. Upon ingestion, the larvae are released and migrate throughout the body. Dogs ingest infected meat, with release of larvae in the stomach and maturation in the intestine. Human infection, called visceral larva migrans, occurs via ingestion of infective eggs with subsequent larval release and migration (32). Clinical diagnosis is based on history of contact with a pet and clinical examination. Laboratory diagnosis can be made by serologic testing for larval antigens, but there is some cross-reactivity with Ascaris lumbricoides. Clinical diagnosis is considered sufficient for treatment.
An Overview of Helminthiasis
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Leyla Yurttaș, Betül Kaya Çavușoğlu, Derya Osmaniye, Ulviye Acar Çevik
Ascaris is a genus of parasitic nematode worms known as the “small intestinal roundworms” and it is usually prevalent in tropical regions and expected to infect 1/4 of the world’s population. Most patients who are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides are asymptomatic. When the number of worms increases, abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction may occur. Pulmonary symptoms, including cough, shortness of breath, and haemoptysis may occur and eosinophilic pneumonia may develop due to larval migration to lungs. These round worms live in the lumen of the small intestine for 2 years and release a large number of eggs with faeces. The eggs bear rhabditiform larvae that hatch in the intestine. The resulting larvae are released, burrow through the intestinal wall and enter the hepatic circulation via capillaries and lymphatics. The larvae migrate via the right side of the heart into the lungs and then up the bronchial tree, where they are swallowed and make their way to the duodenum where they mature into adults after several months. (Kim et al. 2010, Linquist and Cross 2017).
Gastroenterology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the commonest human parasitic infections world-wide. It is not common in the UK. Larvae hatched from ingested eggs enter the venous system and migrate through the lungs to the oesophagus. Fertilised eggs from adult worms in the intestine are passed with faeces to contaminate soil; the cycle recurs when they, in turn, are ingested.
Immunoinformatics driven construction of multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Ascaris lumbricoides using its entire immunogenic epitopes
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Rimanpreet Kaur, Naina Arora, Suraj Singh Rawat, Anand Kumar Keshri, Neha Singh, Sumit Kumar Show, Pramod Kumar, Amit Mishra, Amit Prasad
Ascaris lumbricoides is a soil-transmitted helminth, (STH) which causes small intestinal infection in humans. It is one of the most common STHs in developing countries [1,2] and endemic in tropical and temperate parts of the world. Poor hygiene and sanitary conditions, lack of awareness among residents about the disease, and conducive environmental conditions help parasite to maintain its life cycle. Although A. lumbricoides has been eradicated from most of the developed countries but it is estimated that 0.81–1.20 billion individuals in the world are harboring this parasite in their gastrointestinal tract in endemic areas [3]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) data published in 2018, in India 429,557,443 children require preventive chemotherapy for STH but only 195,062,594 children received it [4,5].
Infectious diseases among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: a descriptive literature review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Yulia Treister-Goltzman, Ali Alhoashle, Roni Peleg
The EI who came to Israel in 1991 stayed over in refugee camps in Addis Ababa with minimal medical services. In this population the prevalence of intestinal parasites was 75% with 25% having multiple parasites [60]. Severe, unique manifestations of intestinal helminths were described among EI. One 3-year-old boy had an acute abdomen following intestinal necrosis resulting from an intestinal obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides [61]. Three unusual clinical cases of colonic schistosomiasis were reported in EI. One patient had bloody diarrhea for 3 years, the second had salmonella co-infection, and the third had schistosomal colitis that was found on routine sigmoidoscopy as part of screening [62]. Strongyloides is an intestinal nematode that infests millions of people in the developing world, but much fewer in the developed world. Infection can cause a fatal disease in immunosuppressed patients, sometimes following hyperinfection (accelerated autoinfection). Four cases of Strongyloidiasis in EI were reported from one medical center in Israel over a one-year period. They had different manifestations of severe infection that were seen in the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs with further dissemination to other body systems. Three of these cases ended in death [63].
A holistic approach is needed to control the perpetual burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections among indigenous schoolchildren in Malaysia
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Nabil A. Nasr, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Yvonne A. L. Lim, Fatin Nur Elyana, Hany Sady, Wahib M. Atroosh, Salwa Dawaki, Ahmed K. Al-Delaimy, Mona A. Al-Areeqi, Abkar A. Wehaish, Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Rohela Mahmud
The current study revealed that STH infections still constitute a main public health problem among the indigenous Orang Asli population in Malaysia. A high prevalence of STH infections was revealed, with 70.1% (801/1,142) of the children found to be infected with at least one STH species. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant worm followed by T. trichiura and hookworm. Since the 1920s, many studies have found high prevalence of STH infections throughout Malaysia. [21,42–49] However, over time, due to better socioeconomic and infrastructural development, the prevalence of these infections has been largely reduced in the urban areas of the country. [25,50,51] Nevertheless, despite continuous efforts to improve the living standards of rural populations including Orang Asli communities, the trend in STH prevalence remains almost unchanged at over 70%. This could be attributed to the continuous exposure to sources of infections in these communities, where.