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The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
By the time food leaves the stomach, it has been converted to the semiliquid, homogenous mixture called ehyme, When this process has been completed, the pyloric sphinc-ter opens to permit passage into the first portion of the small intestine, called the duodenum. An adult duodenum is approximately ten inches long and is the site where chyme is mixed with the secretions from the small intestine. These secretions provide the fluid necessary for action by enzymes from the pancreas and bile secreted in the liver, both of which enter the small intestine through the common bile duct.
The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
The small intestine is the main site of enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients. In the duodenum, the gastric contents are mixed with bile and pancreatic secretions, and the main process of digestion begins. Absorption then proceeds in the jejunum and ileum. The mucosa of the small intestine provides a vast area for absorption through its villous structure. The villi are covered by specialized absorptive cells (enterocytes) that have microvilli on their luminal surfaces, further increasing the surface area. Enterocytes produce hydrolytic enzymes such as disaccharidases and peptidases.
Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, forming a 25 cm C-shaped curve around the head of the pancreas. The duodenum can be subdivided into four parts, uniting with the jejunum at the abrupt duodeno-jenunal (DJ) flexure. The second part of the duodenum receives bile and pancreatic juice via the duodenal ampulla on its medial wall (Figs 5.24a–c).
Rebleeding in peptic ulcer bleeding – a nationwide cohort study of 19,537 patients
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Stig B. Laursen, Adrian J. Stanley, Loren Laine, Ove B. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell
Ninety percent of patients who developed rebleeding had one or more of the following findings: 1. high-risk stigmata of bleeding in the ulcer base, 2. duodenal ulcers, and 3. presentation with hemodynamic instability. All three conditions were present in 1,439/18,213 (7.9%) of patients. This subgroup had a rebleeding rate of 23.8% [95% CI: 21.6–26.1%] that often could not be controlled by endoscopic therapy (49.7% [95% CI: 47.1–52.3%]) and had a 30-day mortality rate of 23.4% [95% CI: 21.2–25.7%]. Patients fulfilling two out of the three conditions (5,426/18,213; 30%) had a rebleeding rate of 15.9% [95% CI: 14.9–16.9%] and a 30-day mortality rate of 13.0% [95% CI: 12.1–13.9%]. Among patients with none of the three conditions present (4,399/18,213; 24%), only 3.6% [95% CI: 3.0–4.2%] developed rebleeding. The Rebleeding Triad had an AUROC [95% CI] of 0.67 [0.65–0.68] for predicting rebleeding. Further details on the discriminative ability of the Rebleeding Triad are presented in Supplementary Appendix 5.
Construction of a multiepitope vaccine candidate against Fasciola hepatica: an in silico design using various immunogenic excretory/secretory antigens
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Mesut Akıl, Mehmet Aykur, Muhammet Karakavuk, Hüseyin Can, Mert Döşkaya
The disease is transmitted to humans or animals by eating contaminated aquatic plants and/or drinking water with metacercaria. The metacercaria which is activated by digestive enzymes within the small intestines penetrates the duodenum. Thereafter, the juvenile parasite passes into the peritoneal cavity, reaches the liver parenchyma by passing through the Glisson capsule and settles in the bile ducts. During the migration of juvenile and adult parasite, excretory/secretory (E/S) products with immunomodulatory features are released [3,4]. Up to date, various E/S products modulating the host immune system such as Kunitz-type molecule, cysteine proteases, glutathione S-transferases, helminth defense molecule, fatty acid binding protein (FaBP), and TGF-like molecule (FhTLM) have been identified [5]. These enzymes are important for parasite’s defense mechanism and metabolic activities. In addition, these molecules have been used as vaccine candidate against fasciolosis [4,6–8].
Protective effect of the solvent extracts of Portulacca oleracea against acidified ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rabbits
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Muhammad Shah Zeb Jan, Waqar Ahmad, Atif Kamil, Mir Azam Khan, Maqsood Ur Rehman, Irfan ullah, Muhammad Saeed Jan
Ulcer is an injury or sore in the mucous membrane or outer surface skin of the body. Ulcer in the lining of the stomach or duodenum is a disease of digestive system that affect many people around the world (Sánchez-Mendoza et al.2011). It has been documented that fourteen million people throughout the world are suffering from gastric ulcer with a mortality rate of four million. Gastric ulcer occur as a result of imbalance between aggressive (alcohol, pepsin and acid secretion, poor diet, oxidative stress, NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori) and protective factors (mucosal blood flow, mucus secretion, bicarbonate secretion and increased levels of antioxidants etc.) in the stomach (Zakaria et al.2016b). Gastric mucosa is damaged when aggressive factors “overcome” mucosal defensive mechanisms (Laine et al.2008).