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Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
There are two types of clinical disease related to ascariasis. Loeffler’s syndrome is heralded by inflammation and pulmonary symptoms due to the migration of the larvae. Migration of the adult worms may cause obstruction of the bile duct or the appendix (41). Migration of adult females into the hepatic duct allows eggs to be released into the liver, resulting in multifocal abscess formation (31.) Most patients, however, have minimal or no symptoms. Albendazole (single 400-mg oral dose), mebendazole (100mg orally BID × 3 days or single 500-mg oral dose), and ivermectin (single 150–200mg/kg oral dose) are recommended for treatment.
Control of Human Intestinal Nematode Infections
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
The giant intestinal roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, most common in warm moist climates and with a prevalence of over 50% in many rural tropical areas, is the best known of all helminths. This worm contributes to malnutrition and is the frequent cause of abdominal pain and other intestinal symptoms mainly in children. The migration to the bile ducts or other viscera and the intestinal obstruction are complications that may require surgical intervention, and that may produce severe disease and even death. Its importance to public health in developing countries tends to be grossly underestimated. The implementation of hygienic measures designed to lower the probability of reinfection in endemic areas is often unfeasible in rural areas and in slums. The embryonated eggs of Ascaris are abundant in soil and water in these endemic areas, so that daily ingestion of significant quantities by the population is highly probable. The most practical way to control ascariasis in developing countries is modern chemotherapy. The oral administration of a single, effective, safe, and inexpensive dose every 4 months, preferably to the whole population and certainly to all young children, can keep the intestinal roundworm burden below pathogenic levels. Ascariasis is successfully controlled by systematic mass chemotherapy in a number of African, Asian, and Latin American schools and similar microenvironments. This clearly indicates that the strategy “works” whenever it is implemented. In fact, the value of lost calories by infected populations exceeds many times the total cost of an eradication program.
Diseases of the Hepatobiliary Tree and Pancreas Associated with Fever
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Ascariasis — The tendency of adult ascarids to enter small openings permits their invasion of biliary and pancreatic ducts. Uncomplicated ascariasis is not usually accompanied by fever and jaundice. However, several complications may have a febrile evolution, including suppurative cholangitis,211 liver abscess,212,213 biliary peritonitis, granulomatous hepatitis, and acute pancreatitis. The diagnosis of ascariasis can be made simply by performing a fecal smear, which reveals characteristic eggs.
Parasites in surgically removed appendices as a neglected public health concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Aida Vafae Eslahi, Meysam Olfatifar, Elham Houshmand, Amir Abdoli, Behzad Bijani, Sima Hashemipour, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Elham Hajialilo, Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar, Ali Reza Mohammadzadeh, Milad Badri
Trichuris trichiura is usually a mild to moderate infection with minor clinical symptoms, so the infection may remain untreated for several years [35]. Colonic obstruction and perforation are two major side-effects of whipworm infection [39]. We found that the highest prevalence rates of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura in appendicitis were in Asian (0.020 %, 95% CI; 0.001 to 0.067) and South-American (0.012%, 95% CI; 0.009 to 0.016) countries, respectively (Supplementary Table 2). Ascariasis is mostly common in warm and humid regions and it is prevalent in more than 150 countries in the world, with 75% of cases found in Central and Southeast Asia [40]. Trichuriasis is also highly prevalent in areas with hot and moist conditions such as Asia, Africa, and South America [41].
Anemia in Sri Lanka: A Literature Review
Published in Hemoglobin, 2022
A. A. Dinusha S. Amarasingha, H. J. Ruwindi L. Silva, P. Shiromi Perera, Anuja P. Premawardhena
In the early 2000s, almost all of the studies conducted in school children had focused on overall anemia with contribution of iron deficiency to a total anemia burden [18,39]. Importantly, none of these studies had paid any attention to the study of hemoglobinopathies including α-thal; in this high prevalence region, they are very likely to have overestimated the true burden of IDA. The national prevalence of IDA in preschoolers [21] and school children [27] was 52.3 and 30.5%, respectively, which denotes that IDA is a major contributing factor for anemia. However, the reported prevalence of these studies varies significantly [19,21,27]. Some other studies had tried to assess the contribution of other nutritional deficiencies to the anemia [32,39]. The prevalence of folate deficiency in school children in the Galle District was 54.6% in males and 52.5% in females in 2007 [34]. Another study reported that the prevalence of serum folate deficiency was 28.0% in the female adolescent school dropouts [39]. Of these, very few studies attempted to assess the contribution of parasitic infections to the total anemia burden. Parasitic infestations such as hookworm, roundworm and whipworm infection had been reported as causes for anemia in some areas [16,26,27]. Of these, the highest prevalence was reported in Veddah (aborigines of Sri Lanka) children in Dambana [16]. The national survey revealed that prevalence of ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm infection was 2.8, 4.0 and 1.2%, respectively [19].
Immunoinformatics driven construction of multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Ascaris lumbricoides using its entire immunogenic epitopes
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Rimanpreet Kaur, Naina Arora, Suraj Singh Rawat, Anand Kumar Keshri, Neha Singh, Sumit Kumar Show, Pramod Kumar, Amit Mishra, Amit Prasad
Ascaris resides in jejunum of human small intestine but it has ability to migrate to other body parts such as lungs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas [6]. Adult worms reside in intestinal lumen of human host and has the potential to produce 200,000 eggs daily which are defecated/excreted along with feces. These eggs can survive under extreme environmental conditions. The fertilized eggs are transformed into embryonated eggs which develop into larvae. When the climate is conducive, like moderate warmth (25–30°C temperature), high moisture content and adequate supply of oxygen, these fertilized eggs molt and embryonate in a span of 15–35 days to achieve infective stage. The infective eggs carry a 2nd stage larva, coiled within its own eggshell. The infective eggs reach human host due to consumption of contaminated food having embryonated eggs. In gastrointestinal tract they get transformed into larvae and circulate to the lungs and other organs. From the lungs, larvae are coughed out or swallowed sometimes and thus they re-enter the gastrointestinal tract. Maturation process proceeds in the small intestines [7,8]. The Ascariasis symptoms varies from asymptomatic phase to severe symptomatic phase with warning signs of infection, these signs increase with increasing parasitic burden, which leads to intestinal obstruction, loss of appetite, intestinal bleeding, and malnutrition in children [9].