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Treatment – Social/Environmental-Related Malnutrition
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Wendy Phillips, Jennifer Doley
Social/environmental or starvation-related malnutrition can be caused by a number of factors, most notably food insecurity. Some risks of food insecurity are not modifiable, such as race, ethnicity or age. Other risks are very difficult to modify, such as income or location of residence. Screening for food insecurity can occur in a number of settings, including community programs and acute care facilities. Food insecurity can be partially mitigated with the use of successful food assistance programs; however, funding and other support for these programs can be limited, which complicates treatment for this type of malnutrition. The most successful interventions are accompanied by a nutrition education component.
Nutrition in the Older Child
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Sarah Lowry, Jenifer Thompson, Ann O’Shea Scheimann
Malnutrition occurs when there is an imbalance of essential nutrients, or a nutritional deficiency – either from inadequate intake or increased requirements and needs. Children with malnutrition will often have lethargy and fatigue and may present with alterations in psychological function. Monitoring for malnutrition includes following serial weight and height measurements and should also include calculating and plotting the weight for length or BMI. It is important to recognize malnutrition in children, as it is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, and may lead to electrolyte disturbances and an increased risk of infection (Chapter 10).
Meeting personal needs: hydration and nutrition
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Malnutrition is a condition in which a deficiency, excess or imbalance of food intake, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue, body form (shape, size or composition), function, clinical outcome and quality of life. The term malnutrition is associated with both under- and over-nutrition (Malhi 2018). The term can be associated with disease-related malnutrition as a result of or a cause of an illness.
A Narrative Review of Nutritional Therapy for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients Underwent Surgery
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2023
Yujie Zhang, Jinglin Zhang, Lili Zhu, Jiaqi Hao, Fengjun He, Tao Xu, Rui Wang, Wen Zhuang, Mojin Wang
Malnutrition can be diagnosed by the following two criteria according to ESPEN: 1) BMI < 18.5 kg/m2; 2) Weight loss (unintentional)>10% indefinite of time, or > 5% over the past three months combined with either BMI < 20kg/m2 if < 70years old, or FFMI < 15 and 17 kg/m2 in women and men, respectively, or BMI < 22kg/m2 if > 70 years old [6]. It is important to conduct a nutritional assessment by any validated malnutrition screening tools, such as Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) [14], Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) [6]. The goal of nutritional therapy is to enhance immune function and nutritional status, which will ultimately improve the prognosis for cancer.
Treatment approaches of stage III and IV pressure injury in people with spinal cord injury: A scoping review
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Carina Fähndrich, Armin Gemperli, Michael Baumberger, Marco Bechtiger, Bianca Roth, Dirk J. Schaefer, Reto Wettstein, Anke Scheel-Sailer
To detect malnutrition, in line with the recommendation of the Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine, Kreutzträger et al. and Meier et al. conducted a Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) or the Spinal Nutrition Screening Tool (SNST).3,11,15 Malnutrition is associated with the risk of developing PIs, but also with poor wound healing and loss of the cushioning effect of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.5,32–35 Thus, malnutrition should be treated by administering protein, caloric supplementation as well as micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals.3 Higher protein intake was achieved either by optimized nutrition with protein supplementation15 or by individually calculated protein intake with 1.2–1.5 grams protein/kg bodyweight.5,32,35 The concrete recommendations for nutrition differed among the approaches. The following parameters were mentioned to be assessed: fasting blood sugar, liver function panel, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C, omega-3-fatty acids, prealbumin, albumin, total protein, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total lymphocyte count, transferrin, nitrogen balance, total cholesterol, creatinine, amino acids, c-reactive protein, magnesium, iron and zinc3,5,32,34,35 (Appendix Table 7).
Prevalence of Poverty and Hunger at Cancer Diagnosis and Its Association with Malnutrition and Overall Survival in South Africa
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Judy Schoeman, Ilde-Marié Kellerman, Sandile Ndlovu, Elena J Ladas, Paul C Rogers, Carl J Lombard, Ané Büchner, David T Reynders, Gita Naidu, Biance Rowe, Jan du Plessis, Mariechen Herholdt, Karla Thomas, Barry Vanemmenes, Rema Mathews, Fareed Omar, Ronelle Uys, Mariana Kruger
‘Absolute poverty’ is described as “a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information” (1). According to the South African census (2015), 30 million people live on less than R84.11 (US$5) per day (2) and 55% of South African children live below the ultra-poverty line (3) (R800/month or US$45.81/month) (4). Socioeconomic status has been associated with poor nutritional status in children with cancer (5–7) and poorer cancer outcomes. Malnutrition at diagnosis has been identified as a modifiable prognostic risk factor (5). Recognizing these factors, South Africa implemented the Child Support Grant (CSG) in 1998 to reduce child poverty by covering food costs (6). The CSG does not cover additional expenses incurred due to a life-threatening illness such as cancer (7).