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Ageing
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is reduced in old age due to the decline in muscle mass. Total energy needs are further reduced due to lower average activity levels (partly due to chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis). Overall energy requirements fall around 30% from age 30 to age 90. Therefore, less food is required to meet energy needs. However, protein and micronutrient requirements remain almost constant, which means a diet relatively high in protein and micronutrients may be required to maintain optimal health. Recommended daily intakes for water are around 30 ml/kg/day and fibre around 30 g/day. Both are necessary to prevent constipation (see page 275). Vitamin deficiencies could contribute to disease in older adults. However, in the absence of vitamin deficiency, vitamin supplementation could actually lead to more harm than good.31 Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Surekha Pendyal, Areeg Hassan El-Gharbawy
Individuals on low-fat diets are at risk for fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. Riboflavin and niacin are important coenzymes in the FAOD pathway. Individuals with FAOD should meet the DRIs for all vitamins and minerals and if unable to meet them through diet, supplementation should be considered.
B-Group Vitamin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, María del Milagro Teran, Luiz Henrique Groto Garutti, Ana Clara Candelaria Cucik, Susana Marta Isay Saad, Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco, Jean Guy LeBlanc
This chapter discussed the use of LAB as cell factories to produce natural B-vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, and folates). The use of these vitamin-producing microorganisms can be applied as tools to bio-enrich foods through fermentation process. This technology represents an alternative to the chemical fortification of foods with synthetic vitamins. We also discussed that bio-enriched foods are promising alternatives for the low intake of vitamins, especially folates and riboflavin, improving the vitamins status in in vivo vitamin deficiency models. This is a promising field and should be further explored by the food industry. Additionally, the use of LAB to delivery natural B-vitamins to the host was also addressed. Although information regarding the use of these microorganisms as bio-supplements is scarce, they could be explored by the food supplement industry as an alternative to the use of synthetic multivitamin products. Also, many of these microorganisms may be potential probiotics candidates which could contribute to modulate the human intestinal microbiota, improving vitamin levels in the gut as well as providing the host beneficial effects.
The critically low levels of vitamin D predicts the resolution of the ST-segment elevation after the primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2023
Hassan Javadzadegan, Ahmad Separham, Aidin Farokhi, Camille Applegate, Nader D. Nader
Ischaemic heart diseases are the most common causes of death in the world. Several studies have increasingly investigated the association between low vitamin D levels and a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, and stroke [1]. Various mechanisms have been proposed that link vitamin D to the increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway that may lead to hypertension and left ventricular remodelling. There is also evidence that vitamin D plays an essential role in regulating the peripheral sensitivity of the tissue receptors to insulin. Therefore vitamin deficiency induces insulin resistance and subsequent development of metabolic syndrome and diabetes [2]. Additionally, obesity-induced inactivity and non-exposure to sunlight as the primary source of vitamin D generally leads to secondary increases in parathyroid hormone with subsequent elevations in blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and atherogenesis [3].
Impact of vitamin deficiency on microbiota composition and immunomodulation: relevance to autistic spectrum disorders
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Roberta Ribeiro, Jacques Robert Nicoli, Gesivaldo Santos, Jane Lima-Santos
Vitamins are important micronutrients for mammalian metabolism, cellular proliferation, and differentiation [20,24]. In neurodevelopment, vitamins act in different ways in many aspects during the pre- and post-natal life, modulating the expression of genes for neuronal networks and cell differentiation [25]. Inadequate supply of vitamins is a serious health problem worldwide, as vitamin deficiency in early life produces damage during brain maturation, cognitive disabilities and increased susceptibility to neural disorders [26]. Children with ASD exhibit selective eating behaviors and intolerance or allergy to some food components, which limits food repertories and induces many nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin deficiency (Hypovitaminosis)[27]. Specific vitamin deficiency or multiple vitamin deficiency is commonly related to ASD [28,29], and frequently includes deficiency of vitamin A, B12, D and K.
The Relation between Changes in Vitamin D and Vitamin B12 Levels, Body Mass Index and Outcome in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2021
Elad Malik, Lihi Rozner, Miriam Adelson, Shaul Schreiber, Einat Peles
However, we did find possible association between low BMI and low Vitamin B12, as MMT patients who tested positive for cocaine or amphetamines at admission had lower vitamin B12 levels as well as a lower BMI. Since both methamphetamine and cocaine are stimulants, their usage can cause an appetite-suppressant activity, consistent with the BMI differences in our study. Therefore, lower food consumption may cause the vitamin deficiency in users (Aguinaga et al. 2019; Murphy 2005). Similar to our findings, Zhai et al. (2018) tested the connection between vitamin B12 levels and the use of methamphetamines, and found lower vitamin B12 levels in participants with methamphetamine use disorder in comparison with the healthy control group. In addition, that study presented a negative correlation between serum vitamin B12 levels and the number of relapses, and that low vitamin B12 levels were associated with the addiction severity of the participants (Zhai et al. 2018). However, BMI was not studied by these researchers.