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Vitamin Deficiencies – Diagnosis and Treatment
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Vitamins are essential organic substances needed in small amounts for normal growth, metabolism, and cellular integrity. Thirteen vitamins plus the dietary component choline are considered essential. Vitamins are grouped into those that are fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, K) and those that are water-soluble (vitamin C, B vitamins and choline) to account for differences in absorption, transport and excretion.1
Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Vitamins are organic components in food that are needed in very small amounts for growth and for maintaining good health. They are essential for human life. The majority of vitamins are not synthesized by our organism and must be supplied through the diet for maintaining health (111–115). Nowadays, about 13 vitamins are found present in human body including 8 vitamins of group B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12), vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin D, and vitamin K. They are divided into two groups: water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C and 8 vitamins of group B) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). The properties and roles of different vitamins have been described in Chapter 2 of this book. Only three vitamins endowed with antioxidant properties, namely vitamins C, E and A are described below.
Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Ankur Anavkar, Nimisha Patel, Ahmad Ali, Hina Alim
The vitamins and minerals also play an important role in improving immunity and overall health status (Table 13.2) (Sagar et al., 2020). Other than mucilage, 5% of fatty oil is present in P. ovata seeds, while acetylcholine-like action is shown by aucubin (Figure 13.3A) and tannins. Aucubin and other chemical constituents show activity against leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. Valine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, cystine, lysine, leucine, and tyrosine are amino acids found in the seeds of P. ovata. Linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid are some of the fatty acids found in psyllium husk. The seeds are rich in starch when the husk is removed. The amount of mucilage is greater in wild species than cultivated ones. The jelly-like mucilage is used for treating patients having constipation. The mucilage is not affected by the gastrointestinal environment. It also absorbs various toxins and prevents them from harming the body (Tewari et al., 2014; Franco et al., 2020).
A review about the role of additives in nerve tissue engineering: growth factors, vitamins, and drugs
Published in Growth Factors, 2023
Mehrsa Nasiri, Javad Esmaeili, Amir Tebyani, Hojat Basati
Vitamins are another volunteer to be embedded in scaffolds for better NTE (Ye et al. 2019). Vitamins are organic micronutrients that own distinct functions including antioxidants, cell signalling for tissue growth, differentiation, and hormones (Bhutto et al. 2016). Mostly, vitamins are prescribed for patients with nerve injuries. It has been highly recommended that vitamins also can be useful in NTE. Based on our literature review several vitamins like folic acid (Fernández-Villa et al. 2018), vitamin 2019), vitamin E (Wang et al. 2018), vitamin C (Alipour, Saudi, et al. 2022), vitamin B6, vitamin 2018).
Water-soluble vitamin insufficiency, deficiency and supplementation in children and adolescents with a psychiatric disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Nuria Prades, Eva Varela, Itziar Flamarique, Ramon Deulofeu, Inmaculada Baeza
Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied to humans through our diet, since we are unable to synthesize them in adequate amounts. Vitamins are classified as water-soluble (B and C) and fat-soluble (A, D, E and K). Most of the nine water-soluble vitamins (WSV) act as coenzymes in metabolic processes while only one (vitamin K) of the four fat-soluble vitamins (FSV) has a coenzyme role [9]. FSV are absorbed and stored within the liver and adipose tissue [9], while WSV generally remain in the body for less time, with vitamin B12 being the exception. Specifically, hepatic stores of folic acid are typically sufficient for 3–4 months of normal physiological needs [10] while B12 stores are sufficient for about 3 years [11]. To prevent a variety of medical illnesses caused by vitamin deficiencies, the United States (U.S.) Department of Health and Human Services and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have issued specific recommendations for daily vitamin intake in different periods of life [12,13].
Vitamin D: sources, physiological role, biokinetics, deficiency, therapeutic use, toxicity, and overview of analytical methods for detection of vitamin D and its metabolites
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Jiří Janoušek, Veronika Pilařová, Kateřina Macáková, Anderson Nomura, Jéssica Veiga-Matos, Diana Dias da Silva, Fernando Remião, Luciano Saso, Kateřina Malá-Ládová, Josef Malý, Lucie Nováková, Přemysl Mladěnka
Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency are logically linked to the malfunction of vitamin D-dependent processes. The deficit causes decreased absorption of dietary calcium and phosphate, which affects the quality of bones. In childhood, vitamin D deficiency manifests as rickets. This disease is characterized by a delay in closure of the fontanels, bowing of long bones, malformations in knees and wrists, scoliosis or kyphosis, and poor growth [192,213,222]. Additionally, hypocalcemic seizures may often occur in the first year of life [222]. In adults, vitamin D deficiency causes osteomalacia and osteoporosis, diseases characterized by demineralization of bones with an increased risk of fractures [216,223]. Bone deformities are not common symptoms in adults, in contrast to children [192]. Unlike osteoporosis, osteomalacia is accompanied by isolated or generalized bone pain [224,225].