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Vinca rosea (Madagascar Periwinkle) and Adhatoda vesica (Malabar Nut)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Rajib Hossain, Md Shahazul Islam, Dipta Dey, Muhammad Torequl Islam
Infections caused by helminths are long-term illnesses that afflict humans. In medicine, V. rosea is utilized as an antihelminthic agent. Humans and livestock are much more susceptible to helminthic infectious diseases, which are chronic. Vinca contains antihelminthic properties, which were tested using a Pherithema postuma experiment model and piperazine citrate as a reference standard. The ethanolic extract of V. rosea at 250 mg/ml concentration provides antihelminthic effects (Swati et al., 2011). Furthermore, Agarwal et al. used the same methods for testing the antihelminthic property of the C. roseus experimental model. At 250 mg/ml V. rosea ethanolic extract significantly attenuated helminthic activity at 46.3 min. This ethnomedical study looks at V. rosea as a powerful antihelminthic agent (Agarwal et al., 2011).
Skin, soft tissue and bone infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
A systematic review found oral ivermectin to be equivalent to permethrin, and it is easier to administer (200 μg/kg as a stat dose orally, repeated in 1–2 weeks) but should be avoided in pregnant women or children weighing <15 kg. It can cause reactions in patients with helminth infections. A combination of permethrin (used daily for 7 days and then twice weekly until cured) with ivermectin (at days 1, 2, 8, 9 and 15) should be used in crusted scabies.
Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Helminths are parasitic worms that spend at least a portion of their life cycle in an animal or human host. Helminths include cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and nematodes (roundworms). Helminthic infection has a worldwide distribution, but is more prevalent in underdeveloped countries. Although the prevalence rates have fallen in the developed world, helminthic infection has by no means disappeared. Life-threatening parasitic infection in pregnancy is uncommon in industrial nations of the world, but may be seen in individuals who have recently immigrated from less developed areas.
The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Diana Dimunová, Petra Matoušková, Radka Podlipná, Iva Boušová, Lenka Skálová
Helminths, parasitic worms such as cestodes, nematodes, and trematodes are a huge global health burden in humans, infecting hundreds of millions of people. In addition, helminth infections represent a common and often serious problem in veterinary medicine. Despite the widespread availability of anthelmintic therapy, the morbidity, and economic losses caused by helminths remain of great concern. Due to massive and inappropriate use of anthelmintics along with the limited types of this antiparasitic available for use, drug-resistant strains have developed in many helminths, thus anthelmintics have become less and less effective (Idris et al. 2019; Partridge et al. 2020). Due to the vastly increasing number of cases of helminth multi-resistance to all of the main classes of anthelmintics that have been reported, e.g. by Babjak et al. (2021), the mechanisms of drug-resistance in helminths have been intensively studied. Among these mechanisms, altered drug uptake as well as changes in drug metabolism have also attracted attention (Cvilink, Lamka, et al. 2009; Matouskova et al. 2016; Fairweather et al. 2020). Unfortunately, research has been focused mainly on cytochrome P450 enzymes and efflux transporters, while helminth UGTs have been neglected for a long time. At present, however, the importance of these UGTs is becoming clearer, specifically in nematodes.
Recent trends in praziquantel nanoformulations for helminthiasis treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Ana C. Mengarda, Bruno Iles, João Paulo F. Longo, Josué de Moraes
Helminth infections are caused by different species of platyhelminths and nematodes. Platyhelminths (also known as flatworms) include flukes (also known as trematodes), such as schistosomes, and tapeworms (also known as cestodes), such as the pork tapeworm that causes cysticercosis. One of the most impactful is schistosomiasis, which is caused by infection with intravascular flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma [2,3]. These helminth infections are often a cause of serious animal mortality and morbidity, resulting in considerably reduced economic output among domestic animals, mainly cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, horses, and camels, with several species involved. For example, it has been estimated that 165 million cattle are infected with schistosomiasis worldwide [4]. In humans, schistosomiasis is clearly linked to poverty and despite affecting more than 240 million individuals, it continues to be neglected [3,5]. Food-borne trematodes, which are mainly caused by liver flukes (Fasciola spp., Opisthorchis spp., and Clonorchis sinensis), intestinal flukes (Heterophyes spp., Echinostoma spp., Metagonimus spp., and Fasciolopsis buski), and lung flukes (Paragonimus spp.) are also important human helminthiasis, affecting over 50 million people worldwide [6].
Infectious diseases among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: a descriptive literature review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Yulia Treister-Goltzman, Ali Alhoashle, Roni Peleg
The EI who came to Israel in 1991 stayed over in refugee camps in Addis Ababa with minimal medical services. In this population the prevalence of intestinal parasites was 75% with 25% having multiple parasites [60]. Severe, unique manifestations of intestinal helminths were described among EI. One 3-year-old boy had an acute abdomen following intestinal necrosis resulting from an intestinal obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides [61]. Three unusual clinical cases of colonic schistosomiasis were reported in EI. One patient had bloody diarrhea for 3 years, the second had salmonella co-infection, and the third had schistosomal colitis that was found on routine sigmoidoscopy as part of screening [62]. Strongyloides is an intestinal nematode that infests millions of people in the developing world, but much fewer in the developed world. Infection can cause a fatal disease in immunosuppressed patients, sometimes following hyperinfection (accelerated autoinfection). Four cases of Strongyloidiasis in EI were reported from one medical center in Israel over a one-year period. They had different manifestations of severe infection that were seen in the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs with further dissemination to other body systems. Three of these cases ended in death [63].