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The Challenge of Parasite Control
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Suppose that resistance of schistosomes to praziquantel were to become a reality. Currently, praziquantel is the only drug widely used to treat humans infected with schistosomes. Imagine that a new anti-schistosome drug has been developed that is just as safe and effective as praziquantel. How could these drugs be used together to reduce drug resistance to either drug?
Introduction to Cancer
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Certain parasitic worms are known to be carcinogenic. These include Clonorchis sinensis (the organism causing Clonorchiasis) and Opisthorchis viverrini (causing Opisthorchiasis), which have both been associated with cholangiocarcinoma. In addition, Schistosoma species (the organisms causing Schistosomiasis) have been associated with bladder cancers. For example, Schistosoma haematobium is a highly prevalent blood fluke and human parasite with a proven link to malignant bladder cancer.
The Pathology of Human Schistosoma Haematobium Infection
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Schistosomiasis comprises a group of chronic diseases caused by schistosomes, a genus of digenetic parasitic worms which cohabitate the venous plexes of the viscera. Schistosoma haematobium dwells principally in the perivesical venous plexus in humans and causes urinary schistosomiasis (bilharziasis), which is endemic in many parts of Africa and the Middle East, and is now considered a major public health problem.1–6
Comet-FISH analysis of urothelial cells. A screening opportunity for bladder cancer?
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Sebastiano La Maestra, Mirko Benvenuti, Francesco D’Agostini, Rosanna T. Micale
Due to differences in the reporting of BCa across countries [4], interpreting international incidence patterns is not easy. Nevertheless, there is a 10-fold variation in the reported BCa incidence, with the highest rates in Europe, Northern America, Western Asia, and Northern Africa and the lowest in the rest of Africa [5]. For example, in 2020 in Europe, 203,983 new BCa cases were recorded, resulting in 67,289 deaths. During the same year in North America, there were 89,997 new BCa cases and 21,045 associated deaths [1]. In these areas, the predominant histologic type is urothelial carcinoma. However, in other regions, such as Western Asia and several regions of Africa, endemic to schistosomiasis, both urothelial and non-urothelial histologic types are prevalent [6]. Schistosoma haematobium, a parasite transmitted through contaminated water that causes urinary schistosomiasis, is a well-recognized risk factor. Its eggs are deposited in the bladder wall and induce a chronic inflammatory response, resulting in progressive squamous metaplasia, dysplasia and in some cases, the onset of neoplasia [7].
Synthesis and therapeutic delivery approaches for praziquantel: a patent review (2010-present)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Tayo A. Adekiya, Pradeep Kumar, Pierre P.D. Kondiah, Viness Pillay, Yahya E. Choonara
This review described several patents related to the synthesis and formulation of praziquantel for the treatment of Schistosoma infections. We have reported several patented approaches which were employed to overcome several drawbacks associated with the synthesis of praziquantel such as toxicity, cost, time require, harsh environment conditions among others. We further documented several patented techniques which are involved in the reformulation of praziquantel in the treatment of different endoparasitic infestation both in animals and humans. More so, we were able to report different patented document which deem it fit to improve the dissolution and bioavailability, as well as palatability and a reduction in the dose of praziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Thus, the evidence from all the different patents reviewed showed that a new approach is needed to optimize and improve the therapeutic efficacy of praziquantel against younger schistosome, improve the patient compliance by reducing the dose of the drug. In addition, the optimization is needed to hamper the reported cases of drug resistance in some parts of the world. Conclusively, we suggested the design and development of a novel lipid-based nanoparticle as a carrier for PZQ, because we believe that this approach will improve the ability and the efficacy of the drug in order to cause spastic paralysis in the musculature of the worm as well as destroy the tegument of the schistosomes.
High burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, schistosomiasis, undernutrition, and poor sanitation in two Typhoon Haiyan-stricken provinces in Eastern Philippines
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Vicente Belizario, John Paul Caesar Robles Delos Trinos, Olivia Sison, Esther Miranda, Victorio Molina, Agnes Cuayzon, Maria Epifania Isiderio, Rodel Delgado
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and schistosomiasis are among the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), which are infectious diseases prevailing in impoverished conditions and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas[1]. STH is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and the hookworms (Ancyclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)[2]. STH is transmitted through the ingestion of embryonated ova for Ascaris, Trichuris, and Ancylostoma or through larval skin penetration for hookworms[2]. Poor access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is a major risk factor for STH transmission[3]. Moderate-heavy intensity (MHI) STH may lead to malnutrition [2,4]. Preschool-age children (PSAC) and school-age children (SAC) are among the high-risk groups for STH[1]. Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma spp., is transmitted through skin penetration of cercariae released to freshwater by snails. It may result in malnutrition [5,6], while chronic cases may lead to hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, and hypersplenism[7]. In particular, S. japonicum, the species endemic in the Philippines, causes the most serious disease among the Schistosoma species. Advanced infection with S. japonicum has been reported to cause ascites, megalosplenia, dwarfism, and colonic tumoroid proliferation[8].