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Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The clinical effect of dwarf tapeworm infection in humans is variable. There may be no symptoms or gastrointestinal complaints (diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, or vomiting) (31). The course is generally not severe. Praziquantel (single 25mg/kg oral dose) is the drug of choice. Pregnancy is not threatened by hymenolepiasis, and treatment is typically deferred to the postpartum period.
Pulmonary Disease of Parasitic Cause
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Paragonimiasis may seem alarming because of frequent, repeated slight hemoptyses, but it has mostly a benign course causing minimal impairment of health. Radiographically, the picture may simulate tuberculosis. It is the frequently associated tuberculosis which may eventually cause the patient’s demise, or eggs find their way into the brain and cause a fatal form of encephalitis. Often there is no eosinophilia. Praziquantel is used for treatment.
Gnathostoma
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
O. Sanpool, P.M. Intapan, David Blair, Yukifumi Nawa, W. Maleewong
The best treatment for cutaneous gnathostomiasis is surgical removal of the worm. Albendazole was evaluated for the treatment of human gnathostomiasis at a dose of 400 or 800 mg/day for 21 days. Cure rates (i.e., no further appearance of swellings) of 93.9% and 94.1%, respectively, were obtained.172 However, side effects, including gastrointestinal distress, headache, dizziness, elevated and reversible levels of hepatic enzymes, and transient reduction of the total leukocyte count, were often recorded after albendazole treatment. The efficacy of various drugs against Gnathostoma larvae in experimentally infected mice was reviewed by Rusnak and Lucey.132 Although the exact parasiticidal action of praziquantel remains unclear, it might cause worms to exit the host, improving the chance of surgical extirpation of the worm. Ivermectin is effective against many human tissue parasitic infections. It is somewhat, but not significantly, less effective than albendazole (400 mg/day for 21 days) for treatment of cutaneous gnathostomiasis.173 There is no clear verification of the effectiveness of albendazole and ivermectin for treatment of human gnathostomiasis.174 For ocular gnathostomiasis, most cases have been treated by surgical removal of the parasite.
Nanoparticle-based chewable gels of praziquantel
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
M. Alejandra Gonzalez, M. Verónica Ramírez-Rigo, Noelia L. Gonzalez Vidal
Praziquantel (PZQ) is an anthelmintic drug, widely used for the treatment and prevention of parasitic infections (e.g. schistosomiasis, cysticercosis, taeniasis), and included in the Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (WHO 2019). The WHO has carried out a public health program in endemic areas, which involved the widespread administration of this API as a preventive treatment for school-age children and adults (Trastullo et al. 2015; WHO 2016). However, preschool-age children could not be included in this program because there was no suitable paediatric formulation available (WHO 2016; Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium 2022). Currently, the only opportunity for the treatment of these children is the partition of PZQ tablets, with the concerns already exposed (Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium, 2022). Considering that PZQ paediatric dosage form is considered an orphan formulation and that preschool-age children play a key role in the transmission of parasitic diseases, it would be extremely helpful to develop a suitable formulation (Buontempo 2010; Trastullo et al. 2015; Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium 2022).
Ethical and practical considerations arising from community consultation on implementing controlled human infection studies using Schistosoma mansoni in Uganda
Published in Global Bioethics, 2022
Moses Egesa, Agnes Ssali, Edward Tumwesige, Moses Kizza, Emmanuella Driciru, Fiona Luboga, Meta Roestenberg, Janet Seeley, Alison M. Elliott
Intentionally infecting healthy volunteers comes with risks to the individual volunteers themselves and their families or communities (the third party). Individual risks include symptoms from the intentional infection and the exposure to natural infection of volunteers enrolled in a CHI-S. These risks of CHI-S were discussed drawing from the work done in the Netherlands (Langenberg et al., 2020). The CHI-S is designed to ensure volunteers are safe by immediately treating them when infection is serologically detected before symptoms develop (Langenberg et al., 2020). In our study, participants from the fishing community mentioned that praziquantel given for the treatment of schistosomiasis had side effects. These side effects are common among the heavily infected individuals. The infection intensity in CHI-S study participants is expected to be low as few cercariae are used to infect the volunteers (Langenberg et al., 2020). Thus, treatment of CHI-S volunteers who become infected is expected to lead only to mild effects that can readily be managed by the study team. Nevertheless, it will be important for volunteers to understand, and to accept, that they will be treated with praziquantel as part of the study, and for the researchers to be sure that they understand its potential side effects.
Synthesis and therapeutic delivery approaches for praziquantel: a patent review (2010-present)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Tayo A. Adekiya, Pradeep Kumar, Pierre P.D. Kondiah, Viness Pillay, Yahya E. Choonara
The mechanism of action of praziquantel (PZQ) on the schistosomes remains unclear, but studies have proposed some mechanisms in which this drug can act on the Schistosoma parasites, and a few phenomenon associated with its effects are well understood (Figure 2). The most observable and immediate alteration that can be noticed in schistosomes exposed to PZQ both in an in vivo or in vitro study is a spastic paralysis of the worm musculature, Pax and coworkers [16] stated that this contraction is probably caused by a rapid influx of Ca2+ into the schistosome. This assertion was corroborated by an interesting work carried out by Kohn et al. [17] which drew attention to schistosome calcium channels as the possible molecular target for praziquantel. In their study, the mode of action for PZQ was suggested to be consistent with the observable effects of PZQ on Ca2+ homeostasis in schistosomes, it was noticed that β-subunits of schistosomes channels possess a unique structure from other common β-subunits which probably inhibits the flow of currents through the α1 subunits of schistosome with which they are associated. They further showed that PZQ allows the opening of more channels or allows more current to flow through the individual channels which lead to the disruption of α1/β interaction in these channels, thereby resulting in normal Ca2+ homeostasis disruption [17].