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Control of Human Intestinal Nematode Infections
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
This is a major cause of anemia in tropical countries. The infection is soil-transmitted by infective larvae of Ancylostoma duodenale (“Old World hookworm” or Necator americanus (“New World hookworm”) penetrating the human skin. The adult nematodes are firmly attached to the mucosal wall of the upper jejunum on which they “graze.” Proper disposal of infectious human feces, the wearing of shoes, and other hygienic measures designed to prevent infection have been shown to be capable of eradicating this infection wherever they have been systematically implemented, e.g., in European mines. The deplorable fact that a considerable part of the world population is still suffering from hookworm infection illustrates again how difficult it is to implement this prophylactic strategy on a large scale in tropical developing countries. As with ascariasis, one practical way to control ankylostomiasis and necatoriasis in these countries is chemotherapy. In view of the fact that most patients are likely to also carry several ascaris worms in their gut, this type of periodical mass treatment in endemic tropical areas should be done with a broad-spectrum drug. The beneficial effects of this type of chemotherapy on the growth, morbidity, and mortality of children in particular and on the socio-economic development of large tropical developing areas in general would be enormous.
An Overview of Helminthiasis
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Leyla Yurttaș, Betül Kaya Çavușoğlu, Derya Osmaniye, Ulviye Acar Çevik
Ascaris is a genus of parasitic nematode worms known as the “small intestinal roundworms” and it is usually prevalent in tropical regions and expected to infect 1/4 of the world’s population. Most patients who are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides are asymptomatic. When the number of worms increases, abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction may occur. Pulmonary symptoms, including cough, shortness of breath, and haemoptysis may occur and eosinophilic pneumonia may develop due to larval migration to lungs. These round worms live in the lumen of the small intestine for 2 years and release a large number of eggs with faeces. The eggs bear rhabditiform larvae that hatch in the intestine. The resulting larvae are released, burrow through the intestinal wall and enter the hepatic circulation via capillaries and lymphatics. The larvae migrate via the right side of the heart into the lungs and then up the bronchial tree, where they are swallowed and make their way to the duodenum where they mature into adults after several months. (Kim et al. 2010, Linquist and Cross 2017).
Ascaris
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Stefano D'Amelio, Viliam Snabel, Serena Cavallero
The genus Ascaris contains several large intestinal roundworms belonging to the order Ascaridida (Nematoda: Secernentea), which covers taxonomical families that occur in a broad range of hosts worldwide, such as fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans. The disease caused by Ascaris spp. is well known from the past.
Pediatric Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Two Cases with Fungal Triggers
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Catherine Gonsalves, Dima Ezmigna, Archana Shenoy
Diagnosis of HP in pediatric patients can also be very challenging because of its clinical, radiologic, and pathological overlap with other inflammatory and infectious lung disease. Our first patient, for example, had high levels of serum IgE and peripheral eosinophilia, raising the suspicion for a parasitic infection. Although IgE antibody titers against Ascaris were positive, an Ascaris infection was not confirmed and the lung biopsy was consistent with subacute HP. Subacute HP is characterized by histologic features that was best illustrated in this patient, which include lymphocytic bronchiolitis and bronchiolocentric/interstitial non-necrotizing granulomas. The initial transbronchial lung biopsy in our second patient could also be interpreted as suggestive of subacute HP. However, the differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis could not be effectively excluded based on histology alone, especially with the hilar lymphadenopathy present on chest CT. The presence of calcific material within giant cells can be seen in both HP and sarcoidosis. The subsequent wedge biopsy showed the inflammatory and granulomatous changes to be bronchiolocentric without an obvious lymphangitic distribution, favored the diagnosis of HP. Finally, since pulmonary infections can also mimic HP, an extensive infectious work-up was performed (reported above), including tissue stains for fungi and acid-fast bacteria, which were negative.
Immunoinformatics driven construction of multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Ascaris lumbricoides using its entire immunogenic epitopes
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Rimanpreet Kaur, Naina Arora, Suraj Singh Rawat, Anand Kumar Keshri, Neha Singh, Sumit Kumar Show, Pramod Kumar, Amit Mishra, Amit Prasad
Ascaris lumbricoides is a soil-transmitted helminth, (STH) which causes small intestinal infection in humans. It is one of the most common STHs in developing countries [1,2] and endemic in tropical and temperate parts of the world. Poor hygiene and sanitary conditions, lack of awareness among residents about the disease, and conducive environmental conditions help parasite to maintain its life cycle. Although A. lumbricoides has been eradicated from most of the developed countries but it is estimated that 0.81–1.20 billion individuals in the world are harboring this parasite in their gastrointestinal tract in endemic areas [3]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) data published in 2018, in India 429,557,443 children require preventive chemotherapy for STH but only 195,062,594 children received it [4,5].
Infectious diseases among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: a descriptive literature review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Yulia Treister-Goltzman, Ali Alhoashle, Roni Peleg
The EI who came to Israel in 1991 stayed over in refugee camps in Addis Ababa with minimal medical services. In this population the prevalence of intestinal parasites was 75% with 25% having multiple parasites [60]. Severe, unique manifestations of intestinal helminths were described among EI. One 3-year-old boy had an acute abdomen following intestinal necrosis resulting from an intestinal obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides [61]. Three unusual clinical cases of colonic schistosomiasis were reported in EI. One patient had bloody diarrhea for 3 years, the second had salmonella co-infection, and the third had schistosomal colitis that was found on routine sigmoidoscopy as part of screening [62]. Strongyloides is an intestinal nematode that infests millions of people in the developing world, but much fewer in the developed world. Infection can cause a fatal disease in immunosuppressed patients, sometimes following hyperinfection (accelerated autoinfection). Four cases of Strongyloidiasis in EI were reported from one medical center in Israel over a one-year period. They had different manifestations of severe infection that were seen in the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs with further dissemination to other body systems. Three of these cases ended in death [63].