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General surgery
Published in Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan, Essential Notes for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2021
Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan
Can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic, i.e. hyperplastic, harmartomatous polyps. Neoplastic polyps can be morphologically classified as either sessile or pedunculated; three histological types: Tubular adenoma: most common benign polyp; <5% malignant; often pedunculated; diameter usually <2.5 cm. Risk of malignant change increases with increasing sizeVillous adenoma: higher likelihood of malignant change (» 40%); usually sessile and largeTubulovillous adenoma: features of both; intermediate risk of malignant change
Cancer surveillance and screening
Published in David Westaby, Martin Lombard, Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy A problem-oriented approach, 2019
When initial examination has been technically difficult, bowel preparation imperfect, or removal of a large number (five or more) of adenomatous polyps has focused the endoscopist’s attention, it is wise to consider an initial follow-up examination at 1 year (and barium enema if total colonoscopy has been impossible). As in the rectum, sessile villous adenomas have a tendency to recur in the longer term, so follow-up is wise at 1- to 2-yearly intervals for the first few years. Tattooing to facilitate early re-check of the site of removal of malignant polyps and larger sessile lesions is discussed in Chapter 16. It has been argued that those having only a single tubular adenoma under 1 cm diameter removed, especially if they are 60–70 years of age, thereafter have lower lifetime colorectal cancer risk than the average population and so may not need follow-up at all [4]. Overall, there is an obligation to offer follow-up after polypectomy, on the basis that up to 50% of patients will be found to have further adenomas long-term, albeit over 90% under 1 cm in size and of uncertain lifetime risk.
Comparative Pathology — Human Large Intestinal Cancer And Animal Models
Published in Herman Autrup, Gary M. Williams, Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis, 2019
Also called tubular adenoma, adenomatous polyps and the villous polyps (described below) are considered to be neoplastic and precursors of large intestinal carcinomas. Many authors also describe these as adenomas. However, the term “adenoma” is extremely confusing in the large intestine. It has also been loosely used to describe variable neoplastic changes in the crypts. In the large intestine as in any other epithelium, the relationship between adenoma and carcinoma and the transition point from adenoma to carcinoma remains to be pinpointed. It may be worthwhile to mention here that many lesions in diverse organs have been considered to be benign adenomas by light microscopy and have been subsequently demonstrated to be invasive carcinomas by electron microscopy and patient follow-up. Thus, I shall refrain from using the term “adenoma” in the subsequent part.
Investigate the role of PIK3CA gene expression in colorectal polyp development
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Ameer Ali Imarah, Rana Ahmed Najm, Haider Ali Alnaji, Saleem Khteer Al-Hadraawy, Abbas F. Almulla, Hussein Raof Al-Gazali
The majority of histological types in this study was tubular adenoma (n = 53), and only 15 cases were tubulovillous adenoma (Figure 5). Histological type-tubular adenoma and results of PIK staining among the site of the polyp are shown in Figure 6. In the right colon, the number of cases with tubular adenoma given negative for PIK staining was significantly higher than those given positive. The positive cases were significantly higher in the left colon than the negative ones. All cases in the rectum were diagnosed as tubular adenoma, and the number of cases given positive was roughly equal to those given negative. Concerning tubulovillous, Figure 7 shows no significant differences between positive and negative cases in both the left and right colon. No cases in the rectum were diagnosed as tubulovillous adenoma, Figures 7–11.
Serum macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 serves as a novel diagnostic biomarker of early-stage colorectal cancer
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Chunyang Dai, Xiaolei Zhang, Yanling Ma, Zhaowu Chen, Shaohua Chen, Yang Zhang, Ming Li
This study was based on the Colorectal Cancer Early Diagnosis and Treatment Project conducted in Hefei City, Anhui Province. We selected information from the Urban Society’s questionnaire given to asymptomatic normal persons from January 2014 to May 2016. The selection criteria were as follows: (1) age, 40–75 years, permanent resident of Hefei City; (2) cognitively proficient; (3) no serious heart, brain, lung, or kidney function conditions or mental illness; (4) compliance with the study protocol, voluntary participation, and signed informed consent agreement. Subjects’ characteristics analyzed included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and family history of tumours. Among 2759 patients who underwent colorectal endoscopy, 19 were diagnosed with invasive CRC, and 47 were diagnosed with the precancerous lesions as follows: (a) high-grade glandular intraepithelial neoplasia; (b) villous adenoma; (c) tubular adenoma; (d) multiple polyps (n > 10); or adenomatous polyps (≥1 cm diameter).
The germ-free mice monocolonization with Bacteroides fragilis improves azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2019
Yen-Peng Lee, Chien-Chao Chiu, Tien-Jen Lin, Shao-Wen Hung, Wen-Ching Huang, Ching-Feng Chiu, Yen-Te Huang, Yi-Hsun Chen, Ter-Hsin Chen, Hsiao-Li Chuang
In this study, we demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic effects of BF on CAC development by GF and mono-gnotobiotic mice (different microbial condition). The results showed that the anti-tumorigenic effect of BF was supported by the decreased number and size of the tumor masses, histological dysplasia, as well as suppressed PCNA and β-catenin expression in the colon tumor tissue. Interestingly, the adenocarcinoma were found three mice in the GF/AOM/DSS group (3/9, 33%) and no occurrence in BF/AOM/DSS group (0/11, 0). In previous studies, Tanaka and Ward [26,27] have reported that these tumors can be definition to tubular adenoma or well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. The incidences of tubular adenoma and adenocarcinoma at the 20th week was 38% and 100%, respectively. In this study, we found the 100% tumor incidence and ratio of adenoma and adenocarcinoma were 66.7% and 33.3% in the GF/AOM/DSS group. However, only adenoma was observed in the BF/AOM/DSS group (45.6%). This data shows that BF may reduce the occurrence of adenocarcinoma. The previous study demonstrated AOM/DSS induced CAC were only 80% incidence in C57BL/6 genetic background SPF mice [28]. Although the tumor incidence appeared to be some differences in the same strain mice at different microbial condition. Therefore, we suggest this mice strain is feasible and susceptible used for AOM/DSS-induced CAC in GF condition.