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Endocrine Imaging
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Metastatic involvement of the pituitary is rare, but lung and breast cancers are the most likely sources. MRI findings can be nonspecific and appear to be adenomas. Metastases can appear as isointense lesions with local invasion of the cavernous sinus and sclerosis of the sella turcica.
Glycogenosis type I – von Gierke disease
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
An appreciable problem in management has been the regular development of hepatic adenomas by the second or third decade [48]. These nodules are multiple, and they grow, sometimes to sizable tumors. They are usually benign, but transformations to malignant hepatocellular carcinomas have been recorded and may be fatal [48, 49]. Another complication is bleeding into the adenoma [50]. Patients should, therefore, be investigated at intervals for these nodules and, once present, their size and character should be followed. Scintigraphic scans have been recommended for this purpose [51], but ultrasonography and other forms of imaging have been useful in our hands.
Dopamine and Tumorigenesis in Reproductive Tissues
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Pituitary tumors, classified as adenomas, represent 10%–15% of primary intracranial neoplasms. Unlike carcinomas, which are invasive malignant epithelial cells with a capacity for metastasis, adenomas are benign epithelial tumors of glandular origin that do not metastasize. Although both malignant and benign tumors exhibit dysregulated cellular proliferation, they differ in growth rates, degree of differentiation, invasiveness, and metastasis. Senescence, a cellular defense mechanism against malignant transformation, may explain the benign nature of many pituitary tumors [3]. The occurrence, diagnosis, cellular composition, and treatment of pituitary tumors are covered in several extensive reviews [4–6], and are briefly summarized below.
The usefulness of fecal hemoglobin and calprotectin tests in diagnosing significant bowel diseases: a prospective study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Min Zhu, Liqiaona Fan, Muzhou Han, Siying Zhu, Shutian Zhang, Haiyun Shi
Advanced adenoma was defined as an adenomatous polyp meeting one or more of the following criteria: (1) size ≥10 mm in diameter; (2) containing ≥25% villous component; (3) high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia [12]. For participants with multiple adenomatous polyps, the most advanced lesion was counted. Although every adenoma has the capacity of malignant evolution, most adenomas stabilize their progression or even regress, and only few kinds of adenomas (advanced adenomas) actually develop invasive cancer [13]. Thus, we defined advanced adenoma, CRC, active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal inflammation due to other causes (e.g., infection, ischemia, etc.) as significant bowel diseases. On the other side, asymptomatic diverticulum, non-adenomatous polyp (including inflammatory polyp and hyperplastic polyp), non-advanced adenoma, inactive IBD, and a normal colon were defined as non- significant bowel diseases.
Colorectal carcinoma screening: Established methods and emerging technology
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020
Erika Hissong, Meredith E. Pittman
The vast majority of invasive colorectal carcinoma grows in association with identifiable premalignant lesions in colonic mucosa. The underlying molecular alterations present in the tumor determine the histologic type of premalignant lesion and time to malignant transformation. The first described and most common molecular pathway in sporadic colorectal carcinoma is characterized by chromosomal instability, usually secondary to inactivation of the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) tumor suppressor gene and subsequent hyperactivation of the WNT signaling pathway [25]. The resulting constitutive activation of WNT effector proteins leads to aberrant epithelial proliferation in colonic crypts, which form a tubular adenoma (Figure 1(B)). Adenomas have dysregulated growth and extend above the surface of the normal colonic mucosa as a polyp. Accelerated cell turnover leads to increased apoptotic debris and upregulated vascular proliferation. Adenomatous tissue is friable, and in the daily fecal stream, adenomas easily bleed, shedding both blood and mutated cellular debris into the stool.
Sociodemographic factors and strategies in colorectal cancer screening: a narrative review and practical recommendations
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2020
Lara Moons, An Mariman, Peter Vermeir, Luc Colemont, Els Clays, Hans Van Vlierberghe, Dirk Vogelaers
Colorectal cancer is a frequently occurring cancer with a high disease burden of 694,000 deaths each year worldwide [1]. It is the second most frequent cancer in women and the third in men [1,2]. The incidence of colorectal cancer increases each year because of ageing of the population [3], resulting in more people within the age at risk between 50 and 74 years, and unhealthy lifestyles [4]. Low socioeconomic status (SES) and/or certain ethnicities are associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer, and moreover with an increased morbidity and mortality [1,5]. Prevention is therefore very important and makes sense since the progression from benign adenoma towards adenocarcinoma takes time. This creates a window of opportunity for the detection and removal of adenoma’s (primary prevention) and carcinoma’s in situ before they develop into malignant tumours in more advanced and hence more difficult to treat or even untreatable stages (secondary prevention) [4,6].