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Techniques
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
After removal of the brain, taking note of the external appearance in particular in relation to swelling (see Chapter 12) the dura should be stripped for detailed assessment of any bone pathology. Additional examinations include removal of the pituitary gland. Exposure of the middle and inner ears, orbit and air sinuses may be indicated, for example, in cases of infection.
The patient with acute endocrine problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The pituitary gland has an important role in the control of other glands. It has two lobes, anterior and posterior, producing several hormones that are summarised in Table 11.1.
Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Pituitary adenomas are mostly benign neoplasms (>99%) of the anterior pituitary gland that impact on the host through local compression and altered patterns of hormone secretion. However, <0.2% of pituitary adenomas are malignant with the potential to metastasize.
Emerging therapeutic targets for anorexia nervosa
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Growth hormone is produced in the pituitary gland and involved in numerous physiological functions such as regulation of body weight, body composition and glucose homeostasis. Since a growth hormone resistance associated with reduced downstream insulin-like growth factor-1 levels has been described in young patients with anorexia nervosa [92] likely contributing to delayed puberty onset and reduced body height, growth hormone was put into the spotlight also as a possible treatment target. One study investigated the effects of supraphysiological levels of recombinant growth hormone in patients with anorexia nervosa for 12 weeks. This treatment did not induce an increase in circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 levels but decreased fat mass without effect on body weight [93]. In adolescents with anorexia nervosa treatment with recombinant growth hormone induced an increase of insulin-like growth factor-1 and led to a stimulation of height velocity [94]. Data from this pilot study should be followed up in a larger and controlled manner.
CAR-T and checkpoint inhibitors: toxicities and antidotes in the emergency department
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Hypophysitis, or inflammation of the pituitary gland with associated hormone abnormalities, often presents with an unusual or persistent headache pattern that may be associated with non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, blurry vision, and anorexia. It is associated with Ipilimumab use, concurrent central hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency [16,49,50]. In addition to routine laboratory testing, diagnostic approach should include checking concentrations of electrolytes, morning cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone (for males)/estrogen (for females). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with and without contrast with pituitary cuts should be obtained in patients with multiple endocrine abnormalities or severe headache with vision changes [16]. Once the diagnosis is made, high dose glucocorticoids are indicated for treatment, similar to other irAEs. Other conditions such as thyroid storm, myxedema coma, DKA, and adrenal crisis are treated in the usual fashion [16].
The controlling role of nitric oxide within the shell of nucleus accumbens in the stress-induced metabolic disturbance
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Yasaman Husseini, Alireza Mohammadi, Gila Pirzad Jahromi, Gholamhossein Meftahi, Hedayat Sahraei, Boshra Hatef
The results of our study demonstrated that stress alone significantly increased the plasma cortisol level after four days without significant effect on adrenal weight. It is shown that repeated stimulation of the adrenocortical glandular cells through the released hormone from the pituitary gland during chronic stress increases the size and number of these cells (hyperplasia) (Bali and Jaggi 2015). Then we could conclude that the stress used in this study was sub-chronic. The administration of 1 and 10 μg/rat doses of L-arginine and 10 μg/rat doses of L-NAME reduced the plasma concentration of cortisol, especially under stress, and increased the adrenal glands’ weight. However, 1 μg/rat decreased and 10 μg/rat significantly increased the amount of water and food intakes. But regarding L-NAME, 1 μg/rat and 10 μg/rat doses showed exactly the opposite effects on drinking and eating behaviour. In general, the effects of two NO modulators on delays in eating were different and even the opposite, especially on the first day. In addition, only 5 μg/rat of L-NAME reduced the weight of the adrenal gland in non-stress conditions. But all interventions, stress and NO modulators decreased the weight of rats.