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Nutraceutical’s Role in Proliferation and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Published in Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak, Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Mayur M. Patel, Shruti U. Rawal, Jayvadan K. Patel
Colorectal carcinoma is the cancer that starts in distal alimentary canal (large intestine) involving colon and/or rectum. Most of the CRC initiate with the development of “polyps,” which are small growth on the inner lining (mucosa) of colon or rectum. Some of these polyps are precancerous and may progress to the development of cancer. Polyps that are flat or have raised growths are termed as sessile polyps, and those having a growth on short stalks are termed as pedunculated polyps. The presence of polyps, however, does not always indicate a cancerous or even precancerous condition. Noncancerous polyps include small hyperplastic polyps, inflammatory polyps, and hamartomatous polyps, which are not part of an inherited polyp syndrome. Cancerous polyps are hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. Polyps have to be extracted during colonoscopy in order to determine their nature and prevent CRC incidence [11].
Endoscopic screening for upper gastrointestinal malignancy
Published in David Westaby, Martin Lombard, Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy A problem-oriented approach, 2019
Gastric polyps are found in 0.5% of postmortem examinations. Most (65–90%) are hyperplastic polyps that are regenerative, non-neoplastic lesions and usually smaller than 2 cm in size. Only two patients have been reported in whom a carcinoma was found in association with a hyperplastic polyp. There is no strong relationship with gastric carcinoma. An exception should be considered in patients with multiple hyperplastic polyps, as this may indicate a gastritis that suggests that the rest of the stomach needs to be inspected and biopsied for carcinoma.
Comparative Pathology — Human Large Intestinal Cancer And Animal Models
Published in Herman Autrup, Gary M. Williams, Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis, 2019
It had been a dogma that the hyperplastic polyps are incapable of progressing to carcinomas and, therefore, these lesions have not been considered preneoplastic. However, that dogma is unscientific. Since the carcinomas of the large intestine arise from the epithelial cells, there is no reason why carcinomas could not arise from the epithelium showing increased number of cells with enhanced cell proliferation! Such a logic had been ignored by most of the workers, mostly because of the failure to observe carcinomatous transformation in the hyperplastic polyps. However, Cooper et al.3 reported of carcinomatous changes within hyperplastic polyps. Thus, the fact that hyperplastic polyps may become carcinomas is not only a theoretical possibility but also a reality.
Colorectal cancer management: strategies in drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Prabha Singh, Pramita Waghambare, Tabassum Asif Khan, Abdelwahab Omri
CRC begins with projection of a tissue called ‘polyp’ that can be cancerous or noncancerous [5]. In general, there are two main types of polyps—adenomatous polyp (adenomas) and hyperplastic polyps. Adenomatous polyps are precancerous and can change into cancer, whereas hyperplastic polyps are the most common type of polyp and are generally not precancerous [6]. In stage 0 of CRC, the tumor growth starts from the inner lining of mucosa and patients are diagnosed easily. In stage I, CRC has spread to the upper layer, i.e. sub mucosa and surgery is the best option. In stage II, CRC spreads to the third layer, i.e. muscular layer and sometimes to lymph node and beyond colon. Resection surgery is the best option to treat this stage. In stage III, CRC spreads to the serosa and lymph nodes and surgery is used to eradicate the section of the colon together with nearby lymph nodes, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. In stage IV (advanced stage), the cancer spreads to other vital organs like liver and lungs [7]. Figure 3 depicts the different stages of CRC.
Endoscopic resection of local recurrences of diminutive polyps by cold forceps polypectomy
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Toshio Kuwai, Takuya Yamada, Tatsuya Toyokawa, Tomohiro Kudo, Naoki Esaka, Hajime Ohta, Haruhiro Yamashita, Yasuo Hosoda, Noriko Watanabe, Naohiko Harada
Briefly, patients underwent NBI-enhanced colonoscopy to exclude hyperplastic polyps and confirm diminutive polyps. CFP was performed with jumbo forceps (Radial Jaw TM 4 Jumbo Cold Polypectomy Forceps; Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA). The polyps were photographed to include the vessel distribution of the colorectal walls and then resected and visualized under NBI-enhancement until no residual polyp tissue was observed at the resection site. A water jet was used for observing the margin of the resection site. Additionally, the distance from the anal verge was measured. Tissue was sent for pathological examination, and clinicopathological features were noted. One year following treatment, patients underwent repeat colonoscopy to assess local recurrence. Patients with evidence of local recurrence at the polypectomy scar were included in the follow-up study and underwent re-CFP. Again, NBI-enhanced colonoscopy and jumbo forceps were used for resection, and the resected tissue was sent for clinicopathological review.
Fecal immunochemical test in cancer screening – colonoscopy outcome in FIT positives and negatives
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019
Hanna Ribbing Wilén, Johannes Blom, Jonas Höijer, Gaya Andersson, Christian Löwbeer, Rolf Hultcrantz
CRC was defined as invasion beyond muscularis mucosae. Advanced adenoma was defined as adenomas ≥10 mm, with high grade dysplasia (HGD) or presence of dysplasia in a SSA, villous or tubulovillous growth or ≥3 adenomas without advanced features. Advanced neoplasia was CRC and AA. Non-advanced adenoma (non-AA) was defined as ≤2 tubular adenomas <10 mm with LGD or SSA <10 mm without dysplasia. Adenomas with HGD or SSA with dysplasia were defined as high-risk dysplasia. All adenoma and CRC findings were verified against the pathology report. Macroscopic polyp size was given precedence over histology, thus hyperplastic polyps (HPs) <10mm were classified as normal colonoscopy, and HP ≥10 mm were included in the analysis. Other findings included hemorrhoids, diverticular disease, inflammation or angiodysplasia. Participants with only proximal or distal lesions were classified as such, whereas those with both proximal and distal lesions were classified as ‘both’.