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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
There is no proven method of preventing colorectal cancer. However, some of the risk factors can be controlled by regular colorectal cancer screening, maintaining a normal body weight via physical activity and a good diet, limiting red and processed meats, and increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Avoiding or limiting alcohol intake is also suggested, and smoking should be avoided. Some studies indicate that daily multivitamins that contain folic acid, plus calcium and magnesium supplements, may be helpful. Studies have also shown that people who regularly take aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have lower risks of colorectal polyps and cancer. Estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy after menopause may be helpful for women in reducing risks for colorectal cancer. Early detection of colorectal polyps or cancer can occur via regular screening methods. If found earlier, this can improve treatment and prognosis, and regular screening may even prevent the disease, since a polyp may take 10–15 years to become cancerous.
Epidemiology of colorectal cancer
Published in A. R. Genazzani, Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer, 2020
Two randomized studies, conducted in the USA looking at dietary interventions and the risk of recurrent adenomatous polyps have recently revealed no protective effect from repeated incidence of colorectal polyps. The dietary interventions in question were, for the Polyp Prevention Trial27, either to have intensive counselling to adhere to a low-fat, high-fiber, fruit and vegetable diet or to be given a brochure on healthy eating. For the Wheat Bran Fiber Study28, the recommendations were to have a high- or a low-wheat-bran-fiber cereal supplement (13.5 g of fiber in two-thirds of a cup of cereal per day and 2 g of fiber in two-thirds of a cup of cereal per day, respectively). The latter study reported an absence of protection with increasing dietary fiber; however, it praised the benefits of a high-fiber diet for the prevention of other chronic conditions. A possible explanation for the observed negative results may be a short follow-up period, precluding the detection of cancerous lesions that require a longer time to develop.
The Large Bowel and the Anal Canal
Published in E. George Elias, CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
The stools guaiac test is relatively simple and inexpensive. It has an overall positivity of about 2%. Of these, 15 to 30% will have colorectal polyps or cancers, usually in an early stage.26 This technique tests a large number of the population, at low cost, for occult blood, then evaluates them for potential colorectal cancers. The disadvantages include a high false negative rate — which can be as high as 30% for invasive carcinoma and 60% for benign polyps — and a high false positive rate. However, controlled clinical trials are now on the way to find out if such an approach can reduce the mortality rate from colorectal cancer in the screened population. Digital rectal examination is good in detecting tumors at mid-rectum or below. Colonoscopy is ideal but is it expensive, has low yield in screening, and has poor compliance from the population.
Investigate the role of PIK3CA gene expression in colorectal polyp development
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Ameer Ali Imarah, Rana Ahmed Najm, Haider Ali Alnaji, Saleem Khteer Al-Hadraawy, Abbas F. Almulla, Hussein Raof Al-Gazali
A polyp is a mass that protrudes into the lumen of a hollow duct or organ. Colorectal polyps are classified according to histological properties as neoplastic (malignant potential) or non-neo-plastic, including hyperplastic, inflammatory, or hamartomatous polyps. As with any disease in the human body, when diagnosed at the early stages of development, the treatment protocol becomes easy and simple also, with low side effects when compared with the final stages of diseases development, therefore it so important to diagnose the neoplastic polyps in the early stage of development [18]. Thus, the current study attempted to show the role of PIK3CA expression in colorectal polyp development. The patient group was divided into three age groups (50–59 years), (60–69 years), and (70–80 years), including 35 patients, 7 patients, and 24 patients, respectively. In general, age classification in the current study agrees with a study that found a high prevalence of colorectal polyp cases diagnosed in the age above 50 years. The current study is compatible with the results of recent studies [19,20]. The variations of cases in each age group may occur due to many causes; colorectal polyps diagnosed accidentally through colonoscopy screening make the diagnosis don’t have a specific standard. A possible second cause may be the small sample size, which can reflect a nonspecific and real representation of the distribution according to age group.
Advances in tests for colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Sarah Cheuk Hei Chan, Jessie Qiaoyi Liang
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths around the world in 2020 [1]. It arises from benign tumors in a process known as the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and has been mainly associated with genetic mutations previously [2,3]. Recent evidence has shown that gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with colorectal tumorigenesis. Abnormality in the composition of the gut microbiota has been implicated as a potentially important etiological factor in the initiation and progression of CRC [4]. Common risk factors include poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, history of colorectal polyps and family history of CRC or adenoma [5]. Since CRC develops over a long period of time, screening enables early detection and thus a higher chance of treatment. An increased screening rate was associated with a 25.5% reduction in annual CRC incidence and a 52.4% drop in mortality from 2000 to 2015 [6], which highlights the importance of screening.
Evaluation of cold snare polypectomy for small pedunculated (Ip) polyps with thin stalks: a prospective clinical feasibility study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Jun Arimoto, Hideyuki Chiba, Jun Tachikawa, Kenji Yamaoka, Dai Yamazaki, Airi Higa, Naoya Okada, Takuma Suto, Naoya Kawano, Toshihiro Niikura, Hiroki Kuwabara, Michiko Nakaoka, Tomonori Ida, Taiki Morohashi, Tohru Goto
A standard or magnifying colonoscope was used in all cases (CF-HQ290ZI, PCF-Q260AZI, PCF-Q260AI, and PCF-H290ZI; Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan), with carbon dioxide insufflation. A transparent attachment was placed on the tip of the endoscope. Cecum intubation was verified by identification of the appendiceal orifice and ileocecal valve. The location, size, and macroscopic type of all detected lesions were documented according to the Paris Classification [21,22]. Rectal retroflexion was routinely performed. Polyp resection was performed with a Snaremaster-Plus (Olympus) or Captivator II snare (Boston Scientific, Tokyo, Japan) in all cases. The widths of the sheaths were 2.6 mm and 2.4 mm, respectively. Endoscopists were instructed to measure the polyps using the size of the snare catheter or snare diameter. All detected colorectal polyps up to 10 mm in diameter, except for tiny hyperplastic polyps in the rectum and distal sigmoid colon, were resected.