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Cancer (Esophagus, Oral Cavity, Stomach, Pancreas, Cervix, Colon, Rectum, Breast, Lung, and Prostate)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Fiber: Elevated total dietary fiber intake was associated with a significantly reduced risk of incident distal colorectal adenoma. Protective associations were most notable for fiber originating from cereals or fruit. Individuals consuming the highest intakes of dietary fiber have reduced risks of incident colorectal adenoma and distal colon cancer.18
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Published in Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
Paul Kolarsick, Steven D. Wexner
Endoscopic surveillance of patients treated with total abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis should occur every six to twelve months depending on polyp burden. Patients treated with total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis should undergo surveillance endoscopy every one to three years unless high-grade dysplasia or large polyp burden dictates more frequent surveillance. It is our practice to use the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac as chemoprevention in patients with retained rectum. Although not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for polyp suppression, sulindac has been shown to reduce colorectal adenoma formation. It is unknown whether chemoprevention reduces the incidence of cancer [1].
Epithelial Precancerous and Borderline Lesions: Diagnosis and Screening
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
How is it that reporting practices vary so much between different lesions associated with similar outcomes? In the case of colorectal adenoma we are considering a lesion that was once not even regarded as precancerous (Spratt & Ackerman, 1962). Aside from the negligible risk of metastasis in early colorectal cancer, this historical background invites a ‘benign’ attitude in relation to this neoplasm. The opposite approach has been taken in the case of malignant melanoma. Here the starting point was a cancer well known for its aggressiveness. Despite identifying early forms of invasive neoplasia with non-metastatic potential, we seem unable to drop the term cancer in retrospect. Screening for early cancer has now led to cancer epidemics in relation to both prostate cancer and malignant melanoma. But are we necessarily dealing with cancer, or simply stretching morphology beyond acceptable limits for want of rigorous clinical correlation? Screening for early cancer is now providing the pathologist with lesions of uncertain portent and this uncertainty needs to be more widely recognised (Foucar, 1997).
Genome-Wide Association Study of Metachronous Colorectal Adenoma Risk among Participants in the Selenium Trial
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Mario Jesus Trejo, Ken Batai, Yuliang Chen, Stefanie Brezina, H-H Sherry Chow, Nathan Ellis, Peter Lance, Chiu-Hsieh Hsu, Kristen Pogreba-Brown, Maria Bishop, Andrea Gsur, Elizabeth T. Jacobs
In addition to rare genetic conditions such as Lynch Syndrome (LS) and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) that confer increased risk for CRC, other contributing factors include inflammatory bowel disease, CRC family history, high body mass index (BMI), low physical activity, cigarette smoking, increased consumption of red meat and lower consumption of fruits and vegetables (9). Features of adenomas detected upon endoscopy that may increase risk of adenoma progression include: multiple adenomas, size ≥ 10 mm, high-grade dysplasia, or significant villous components (8). When these features are identified individuals are recommended for more frequent screening because they are more than two times as likely to develop a subsequent metachronous adenoma, defined as an adenoma which independently developed after the removal of a previous adenoma (7, 10). Further, a family history of CRC in a first-degree relative in the absence of LS or FAP has been shown to be significantly associated with the development of a new colorectal adenoma; this risk grew higher with increasing number of affected relatives (11), suggesting that there are as-yet identified genetic contributors to risk.
Dietary Risk Factors and Odds of Colorectal Adenoma in Malaysia: A Case Control Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Razinah Sharif, Nur Mahirah Amani Mohammad, Yau Jia Xin, Nor Hidayah Abdul Hamid, Suzana Shahar, Raja Affendi Raja Ali
Colorectal adenoma can be categorized into two groups: conventional adenomas and sessile serrated polyps. In general, both are recognized as precursors of colorectal cancer (6). Ninety five percent of colorectal cancer arises from neoplastic adenomatous polyp. However, 40% of the cases are diagnosed in patients aged 60 and above (7, 8). Early detection and colonoscopic removal of these precancerous polyps remain as the most effective procedures in reducing incidence and mortality rate of colorectal cancer (1). However, it is estimated that the number of cancer cases and cancer-related mortality rate will increase in the following decades due to population growth and aging, as well as an increase in the prevalence of existing risk factors such as diet, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and changing reproductive trends associated with urbanization and economic development (9). Dietary pattern also has increasingly evident to be one of the important risk factor for early onset of colorectal cancer (10–13). Hence, it is important to take early preventive measures to reduce the number of colorectal cancer case.
N-3 Long Chain Fatty Acids Supplementation, Fatty Acids Desaturase Activity, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Harvey J. Murff, Martha J. Shrubsole, Qiuyin Cai, Timothy Su, Jennings H. Dooley, Sunny S. Cai, Wei Zheng, Qi Dai
Participants were recruited from individuals who were identified as having had a colorectal adenoma within the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study or were identified through the Personalize Prevention of Colorectal Cancer Trial and had undergone a colonoscopy at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and diagnosed with an adenoma (14, 15). Details of this trial have been published previously (13). Briefly, participants were between the ages of 40 and 80 years, with a past medical history of one or more adenomas, and a known genotype at rs174535. Participants were excluded if they had a previous resected colorectal cancer; congestive heart failure or coronary artery disease; inflammatory bowel disease; any cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer); advanced kidney disease; cirrhosis; were pregnant or breast feeding; using n-3 LCPUFA supplements or anticoagulants; or allergic to fish products.