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Lung and Tracheo-Bronchial Tumours - main types.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
(a) Solitary polyps are uncommon, but may be found in patients with asthma, or may follow various forms of injury. Many are very small and are found fortuitously at bronchoscopy. Larger polyps may cause lobar collapse or lead to pneumonia. Hamartomatous or lipomatous polyps (endobronchial lipomas) may also be found (see p. 6.13). Rarely malignant tumours may develop within or adjacent to polyps.
Do I Have IBS?
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
Colorectal cancer (or colon cancer) occurs when cells in the large intestine start to multiply in an out-of-control way. Usually, the tumors begin as polyps – little bumps or growths inside the lining of the large intestine. Most polyps are benign. They usually don’t cause symptoms and are not dangerous. But, sometimes, polyps become cancerous over time. The symptoms of colon cancer vary and depend on the location and size of the tumor and whether cancer has metastasized (or spread) to other parts of the body, such as the liver. If the tumor is close to the anus, there may be a change in bowel habits – either diarrhea or constipation. If the tumor begins to block the flow of stools (called a bowel obstruction), the patient may experience abdominal pain, constipation, and/or vomiting. There may also be evidence of blood in the stools. The single best way to diagnose colon cancer is with a colonoscopy. If caught early, colon cancer is almost always curable. The American Gastroenterological Association advises people who have no risk factors to be tested starting at age 50, while people with a family history of colon cancer should have their first colonoscopy at age 40, or ten years before the age that their relative got cancer, whichever comes first. If you are struggling with GI symptoms, a colonoscopy can certainly bring peace of mind if it rules out this potentially fatal disease, but if you are under 50 and have no family history of colon cancer, it’s probably not worth doing, unless your doctor suspects an inflammatory bowel disease.
Incidentally Detected 7 mm Gallbladder Polyp
Published in Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
In a recent study [5] in which patients with polyps were followed up to 11 years, the authors noted that while the polyps persisted in 52% of patients, in the remaining 48%, they actually disappeared. In the latter, no further surveillance is warranted.
Colorectal cancer management: strategies in drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Prabha Singh, Pramita Waghambare, Tabassum Asif Khan, Abdelwahab Omri
CRC begins with projection of a tissue called ‘polyp’ that can be cancerous or noncancerous [5]. In general, there are two main types of polyps—adenomatous polyp (adenomas) and hyperplastic polyps. Adenomatous polyps are precancerous and can change into cancer, whereas hyperplastic polyps are the most common type of polyp and are generally not precancerous [6]. In stage 0 of CRC, the tumor growth starts from the inner lining of mucosa and patients are diagnosed easily. In stage I, CRC has spread to the upper layer, i.e. sub mucosa and surgery is the best option. In stage II, CRC spreads to the third layer, i.e. muscular layer and sometimes to lymph node and beyond colon. Resection surgery is the best option to treat this stage. In stage III, CRC spreads to the serosa and lymph nodes and surgery is used to eradicate the section of the colon together with nearby lymph nodes, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. In stage IV (advanced stage), the cancer spreads to other vital organs like liver and lungs [7]. Figure 3 depicts the different stages of CRC.
Some Bryophytes Trigger Cytotoxicity of Stem Cell-like Population in 5-Fluorouracil Resistant Colon Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Dilşad Özerkan, Ayşe Erol, Ergin Murat Altuner, Kerem Canlı, Dürdane Serap Kuruca
Colorectal cancer usually develops in 3-5 years. They develop from benign tumors called polyps in the intestine at a rate of 60% or some inflammatory colon diseases such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis (1). Polyps occur in the form of growth or deposition of abnormal cells that protrude from the intestinal mucosa to its lumen. The size of the polyp increases with the proliferation of the cells in it. Genetic mutations, and epigenetic changes begin to occur which indicating that there is a cytological and histological dysplasia. The degree of dysplasia increases, causing invasive carcinoma to progress with the increase in cellular DNA damage over time. If polyps do not disappear, they can invade nearby tissues and grow on the walls of the colon, and rectum. The malignant growth presenting in such way results with angiogenesis and causes cancer to spread to distant organs (2). The most important cause of death is metastasis. In stage I, many colorectal cancer patients recover with the removal of the tumor, the disease relapses again in 40% of patients in stage II, and stage III (3–5).
Gastroduodenal Intussusception Due to Gastric Mucosal Prolapse Polyp in a 2-Year-Old Child
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2021
Mostafa Kotb, Marwa Abdelaziz, Yasmine Abdelmeguid, Ahmed Hassan, Nagwa Mashali, Yasser Saad-Eldin
Although the histological appearance of gastric mucosal prolapse polyps is very similar to that of hamartomatous polyps associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), the distinction can be made with ease in most of the cases, since the later usually show a villiform rather than a smooth surface. Peutz Jeghers polyps do not show significant inflammatory infiltrates in the stroma and usually show glandular atrophy with arc-shaped glands around cystically dilated glands. The smooth muscle bundles in the lamina propria are more well-developed and usually show a more extensive arborizing pattern in Peutz-Jegher’s polyps than that seen in mucosal prolapse polyps [19]. Clinically, patients suffering from PJS usually have a family history for intestinal polyposis and have mucocutaneous pigmentation. Colonoscopic examination usually shows multiple intestinal polyps. However, solitary Peutz-Jeghers polyps have been reported in the absence of a family history and mucocutaneous pigmentation. Still, they are extremely uncommon in the stomach with only two cases reported, neither of which was in a child [20,21].