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Nanoparticle-Mediated Small RNA Deliveries for Molecular Therapies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Ramasamy Paulmurugan, Uday Kumar Sukumar, Tarik F. Massoud
Nanobiotechnology allows the delivery of drugs through nanoformulations that provide desired release kinetics for prolonged periods of time. Polymer nanoparticles are biodegradable and surface modifiable. These nanoparticles protect and deliver the drugs and small RNAs. In addition, the polymer matrix is also subsequently degraded over time through normal metabolic process. Moreover, polymer nanoparticles possess unique capabilities to deliver multiple drugs with different properties in one carrier (drugs in combination with small RNAs). Polymer nanoparticles can both passively and actively target tumor cells, and can increase the effectiveness of drugs as compared to direct delivery [126–129]. In addition, PEGylation of polymer nanoparticles also increases the circulation time of nanoparticles in blood and passively enhances their concentration at tumor sites by the EPR effect [130, 131]. Moreover, polymer nanoparticles containing targeted ligands can actively target tumors through specific ligand–receptor interactions. The efficiency with which targeted nanoparticles selectively accumulate at the tumor site mainly depends on various factors such as (i) selective over expression of the receptor in the tumor cells in comparison to normal non-target cells, and (ii) receptor accessibility to the ligands [130, 131]. Although important progress has been made in tumor molecular targeting, significant developments are still required for therapists in practice to target drug delivery within solid tumors selectively.
Developments of Health Care: A Brief History of Medicine
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Tomy Muringayil Joseph, Józef T. Haponiuk, Didier Rouxel, S. Thomas
S.W. Goldberg and Efim (London) used radiation therapy for cancer treatment for the first time (1903). They used radium to treat two skin basal cell carcinoma patients and in both patients, the disease was eradicated. Radiation therapy can be used to treat nearly all types of solid tumors, including the brain, breast, cervix, larynx, liver, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, stomach, uterus, or soft tissue sarcomas, leukemia, and lymphoma [68]. The dose of radiation at each site depends on several factors of factors, including the radiosensitivity of each type of cancer and surrounding tissues or organs, etc., radiation therapy eliminates cancer cells by damaging their DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The significant benefits of radiotherapy have facilitated the implementation of modern, sophisticated methods for treatment, therapy, delivery, and imaging to be executed into regular radiation oncology practice.
Introduction to Cancer
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Solid tumors are generally named in relation to the type of tissue from which they derive. For example, the term sarcoma describes a tumor arising from mesodermal tissue, which includes connective or supportive tissue, bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, and blood vessels. Carcinoma refers to tumors of epithelial tissues (derived embryologically from the ectoderm, endoderm, or mesoderm) such as mucus membranes and glands. Epithelial tissues that can be affected include (but are not limited to) breast, ovary, and lung, and a variety of other tissues that line the cavities and organs of the body. An adenocarcinoma is a cancer of the epithelium cells originating in glandular tissue, and osteosarcoma refers to bone cancer.
Recent progress in the development of nanomaterials targeting multiple cancer metabolic pathways: a review of mechanistic approaches for cancer treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ling Zhang, Bing-Zhong Zhai, Yue-Jin Wu, Yin Wang
Tumor suppressor loss and oncogene activation are crucial factors in the promotion of cancer cell metabolism reprogramming (Jones and Thompson, 2009). This change results in an improvement in the absorption of nutrients that are necessary to fuel biosynthesis pathways. Lack of nutrients affects solid tumors. Cancer cells adapt metabolic flexibility to help with the sustainability of growth and survival to get around this restriction. It is believed that the reprogramming of metabolic pathways is one of the primary characteristics of cancer (Nagao et al., 2019). That is why, over the past ten years, it has been the primary focus of cancer research. When nutrients are abundant, cancer signaling pathways ingest more nutrients to speed up the incorporation of carbon into different macromolecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (Spinelli and Haigis, 2018). These cellular activities support cell growth and proliferation.
Synthetic engineered bacteria for cancer therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
As a major threat to public health worldwide, cancer is still a leading cause of mortality in humans [1]. In 2022, new cases and deaths due to cancer were reported at 1.9 million and 0.6 million in the U.S.A., respectively [2], which highlight the urgency of more effective treatments. In the 20th century, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the main methods for cancer therapies and show great progress in terms of lowering the cancer patient death rate [3,4]. Radiotherapy is a very powerful and effective method to treat different tumors, especially solid tumors, due to its ability to activate cytotoxic signaling pathways [5]. Notably, combined with anticancer agents, radiotherapy can largely improve cancer treatment outcomes by amplifying cytotoxic signaling pathways in patients with cancer [6]. However, inevitable damage to healthy tissues constitutes one of the main limitations of radiotherapy. Otherwise, chemotherapy shows greater advantages in treating inoperable and metastatic cancer through various toxic drugs and biological molecules [7]. Nevertheless, there are numerous limitations, including cancer cell drug-resistant development, low drug concentrations and penetration at tumor-specific sites, the occurrence of systemic toxicity, and tumor multifactorial physiology and heterogeneity [8]. Some types of cancer cells become more aggressive and are more likely to metastasize to other favorable areas due to the pressure exerted by chemotherapy [9]. All these limitations call for more effective cancer therapy methods to meet the patient’s health requirements.
Association of Phase Angle with Overall Survival in Patients with Cancer: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Yuanlin Zou, Hongxia Xu, Jiuwei Cui, Kunhua Wang, Yongdong Feng, Hanping Shi, Wei Li, Chunhua Song
This study was a cohort that collected data from the “INSCOC” (15) (Investigation on Nutrition Status and its Clinical Outcome of Common Cancers) conducted from December 2013 to October 2020. As long as cancer patients were recruited in the cohort, the beginning of admission for investigation was the starting point of follow-up. The inclusion criteria were: 1) age older than 18 years; 2) length of hospital stay longer than 48 h; 3) diagnosis of solid tumors at any stage; 4) received a BIA assessment. Patients without follow-up data were excluded. All patients signed informed consent before entry into the study, and the clinical protocol was approved by an independent local ethics committee or institutional review board at each participating center (registration number: ChiCTR1800020329). All patients were regularly followed up by telephone views or outpatient visits to collect survival information.