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DRCOG MCQs for Circuit A Questions
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Increased serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is associated with: Choriocarcinoma.Hyperemesis gravidarum.Hepatoma.Ovarian carcinoma.Hydatidiform mole.
Peritoneal metastases
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
In the pelvis, ovarian carcinoma may spread through direct extension to surrounding tissues. The fallopian tubes, uterus, and contralateral adnexa are the most commonly involved tissues, but the rectum and bladder can also be directly invaded (10).
The female reproductive system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
The major types of ovarian carcinoma show histological patterns reminiscent of tubal epithelium (serous tumours), endocervical or intestinal epithelium (mucinous tumours), and endometrium (endometrioid and clear cell tumours). Other less common tumour types are also found, such as the Brenner tumour; this has a transitional morphology similar to that of the epithelium lining the urinary tract. The origin of epithelial ovarian tumours is not entirely clear, although there is increasing evidence that many high-grade serous tumours arise from the fallopian tube. High- and low-grade serous carcinomas are now recognized to represent distinct tumours, with a TP53 mutation being present in almost all high-grade serous carcinomas. Low-grade serous carcinomas are associated with KRAS or BRAF, but not TP53, mutations. Endometrioid and clear cell tumours often arise from ovarian endometriosis. Mucinous tumours may arise from Brenner tumours or teratomas but many mucinous ovarian tumours represent metastases from gastrointestinal, pancreatic, or biliary sites (Figure 15.13).
A T-cell engaging bispecific antibody with a tumor-selective bivalent folate receptor alpha binding arm for the treatment of ovarian cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Brian C. Avanzino, Kirthana Prabhakar, Pranjali Dalvi, Sharon Hartstein, Hannes Kehm, Aarti Balasubramani, Andrew A. Boudreau, Ben Buelow, Karen Chang, Laura M. Davison, Suhasini Iyer, Vidyut Kalwit, Kristin Lewis Wilson, Harbani K. Malik-Chaudhry, Will Pierson, Geovanni Pineda, Udaya S. Rangaswamy, Sowmya Saiganesh, Ute Schellenberger, Harshad S. Ugamraj, Rodolfovan D. Yabut, Roland Buelow, Jocelyn Chapman, Nathan D. Trinklein, Katherine E. Harris
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality in women, and 95% of cases represent epithelial tumors (i.e. epithelial ovarian carcinoma; EOC).1 Five-year overall survival in EOC decreases from 89% to 17% from stage I to stage IV, and approximately two-thirds of EOC patients present with stage III–IV disease.2 High-stage disease patients frequently relapse following first-line treatment, which typically consists of a combination of platinum-based adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery. Recent therapeutic advances including the approval of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for patients with BRCA mutations have improved survival in a subset of patients,3 but therapeutic options for recurrent disease, especially platinum-resistant disease, remain poor for most and there is a high unmet need for novel treatments.
Nanotechnological approaches for diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer: a review of recent trends
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Haigang Ding, Juan Zhang, Feng Zhang, Yan Xu, Wenqing Liang, Yijun Yu
Among gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer manifests higher mortality rates that is attributed to its reoccurrence and late diagnosis (Bhatt et al., 2016; Rojas et al., 2016). Within omentum and ovary, the ovarian cancer is characterized by intraperitoneal metastasis and diffuse nature malignant ascites (Chen et al., 2019; Stewart et al., 2019). Patients with ovarian cancer (75%) initially show certain intra-abdominal ailments that support ovarian carcinoma diagnosis and stage III ovarian cancer patients (<40%) have shown a survival rate of approximately 5 years (Giampaolino et al., 2019). Those patients suffering from ovarian cancer relapse have shown a limit up to peritoneum since during therapy the use of intraperitoneal route has shown many toxicities in such patients. As per available literature data, the cross-talk between conventional chemotherapeutics and ovarian cancer cell is not friendly that has led to resistance offered by cancer cells towards these therapeutic cargoes. Consequently, medication resistance and recurrence have been observed in ovarian cancer cells (Tarhriz et al., 2019). The process and steps involved in the ovary carcinogenesis are depicted in Figure 1.
Single-molecule array assay reveals the prognostic impact of plasma LRIG1 in ovarian carcinoma
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Alexandra Lorenzzi Löfgren de Melo, Anna Linder, Karin Sundfeldt, David Lindquist, Håkan Hedman
Ovarian carcinoma accounted for 3.4% of all incident cancers in women worldwide in 2018, and it is the eighth most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide [1]. Ovarian carcinoma is predominantly diagnosed at a late stage, which contributes to high recurrence rates. Most ovarian carcinomas initially respond well to chemotherapy; however, among women with advanced-stage disease, treatment-resistant disease eventually develops almost invariably [1–3]. Although ovarian carcinoma screening based on the plasma levels of cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) may result in the earlier detection of the disease, this diagnostic ‘stage shift’ does not translate into an improved survival rate [4]. Additionally, in women diagnosed with a suspicious pelvic mass, it remains a clinical challenge to discriminate between malignant and benign disease. To this end, the plasma levels of CA-125 or human epididymal protein 4 (HE4), or their combination, together with menopausal status can be used in the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA) [5,6]. However, the predictive power of these biomarkers and ROMA are far from optimal. An additional clinical challenge in the management of ovarian carcinoma is the prediction of treatment response for individual patients. Primary and acquired chemoresistance result in disease relapse following chemotherapy, which contributes to the high mortality rates of ovarian cancer [7,8]. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new biomarkers that can detect ovarian cancer at an early stage, discriminate between malignant and benign disease, and predict therapeutic response and prognosis.