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Cancer Epidemiology
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
A case-control study was carried out on oesophageal cancer in southern Thailand, by V. Chongsuvivatwong[3]. The question to be answered was whether the risk factors of alcohol consumption, smoking, rubber processing and nutritional deficiency were risk factors for oesophageal cancer. Forty cases were recruited from a hospital and each matched to a number of controls, ranging from one to six controls. There were 129 controls in total. A subset of the data can be accessed from the R package, epiDisplay and makes a good example to illustrate the theory behind a matched case-control study. Table 7.27 shows a summary of the data. Also included in the package is a subset of this subset, that has just one control for each case, i.e. 1-1 matching.
Gastroenterology
Published in Anna Kowalewski, SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students, 2021
Alcohol and smoking are the most common causes of oesophageal cancer. The others included are less common causes but may still be contributing factors. Note that 90% are squamous cell carcinomas and thus occur in the upper two- thirds of the oesophagus.
The upper gastrointestinal tract, common conditions, and recommended treatments
Published in Simon R. Knowles, Laurie Keefer, Antonina A. Mikocka-Walus, Psychogastroenterology for Adults, 2019
Oesophageal cancer is most commonly seen in middle-aged and elderly patients (males > females), typically presenting with dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and weight loss. There are two major types of oesophageal cancer: squamous cell cancer, which is associated with smoking and alcohol, and adenocarcinoma, which is associated with gastrooesophageal reflux and preceded by Barrett oesophagus, a condition in which the lining of the lower oesophagus is replaced by cells usually seen in the intestine. These cells can become abnormal (termed ‘dysplasia’) with time. Patients with Barrett oesophagus are watched for dysplasia which can be treated to reduce the occurrence of cancer; however, this requires regular endoscopy which places a substantial burden on patients and the healthcare system. However, if cancers are detected early in a screening program, the outlook is much better than if they present with symptoms. Unless diagnosed early, the outlook for patients with oesophageal cancer overall is poor, as the cancer is often too advanced or the patients too medically unfit for treatment at the time of diagnosis. Treatment may include oesophagectomy (removal of the oesophagus), chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, or placement of a stent, a hollow woven metal tube which expands to keep the oesophagus open and allow a modified diet (mushy food and liquids) through. For more information about oesophageal cancer see [4].
Bone versus soft-tissue setup in proton therapy for patients with oesophageal cancer
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Muhammad Shamshad, Ditte Sloth Møller, Hanna Rahbek Mortensen, Mai Lykkegaard Ehmsen, Maria Fuglsang Jensen, Lone Hoffmann
Fiducial markers have been investigated as a surrogate for the tumour position to be used for the setup verification [17,32–34]. However, tissue deformation makes the marker-based registration unfeasible in some patients [17,27]. Other setup strategies have formerly been analysed for oesophageal cancer. Carina-based registration resulted in inadequate target coverage compared with a bony anatomy-based registration for targets not confined to the mid-thoracic region nearby the carina [35]. For lung and liver, tumour movement relative to the spinal cord has been observed and soft tissue matching improved the setup accuracy [36,37]. Similarly, for prostate cancer patients, higher target coverage and lower dose to the rectum was found for soft-tissue matching compared to bone match [38,39].
Hot Tea Drinking and the Risk of Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Yulian Zhong, Chao Yang, Niannian Wang, Da Pan, Shaokang Wang, Guiju Sun
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer in the world and the sixth most common cause of death among cancer patients (1). Global Cancer Statistics 2018 shows that there were 572034 new cases of esophageal cancer and 508585 new deaths worldwide in 2018 (2). The occurrence of esophageal cancer follows a certain geographical distribution law. From northern Iran to central and Northern China, these areas have the highest prevalence, known as “esophageal cancer belt” (3, 4). Studies have shown that smoking, drinking, obesity, and gastroesophageal reflux disease are the risk factors of esophageal cancer (5). Since 1939, when it was first suspected that hot drinks increased the risk of esophageal cancer, more and more studies have shown that hot drinks are significantly associated with the increased risk of esophageal cancer (6). And the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded that there was a positive correlation between high temperature and esophageal cancer, which was classified as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (7).
The intra-class heterogeneity of immunophenotyping and immune landscape in oesophageal cancer and clinical implications
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Yujie Xie, Xiaoshun Shi, Ying Chen, Bomeng Wu, Xiaolin Gong, Weicheng Lu, Wanli Lin
Oesophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignant tumour in the digestive system, ranking sixth and seventh cancer-related deaths in the world [1]. There are two main histological subtypes of EC, including oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). EAC incidence is mainly in Caucasian [2], while ESCC is more common in developing countries, such as China [3]. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy alone or in combination are treatments for EC. However, the estimated 5-year survival rate of EC ranges from 10 to 39.7% [3–7]. In recent years, immunotherapy for EC has been reported [8,9], and clinical trials are also underway, providing novel strategies for improving patient’s survival with EC. Therefore, the identification of immune subtypes (ISs) responsible for tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) of EC is crucial for a better understanding of a patient’s immune status, which is associated with the effect of immunotherapy, treatment decision and prognosis prediction of EC.