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Test Paper 7
Published in Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike, Get Through, 2017
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike
A 69-year-old man with a history of non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of bladder treated with transurethral resection and intravesical BCG therapy presented with a firm palpable nodule on PR examination. MRI showed a low T2 signal lesion with high signal on DW MR, low signal on ADC map and non-enhancement on subtracted contrast-enhanced images in the peripheral gland at 4 ‘o’ clock. The findings were stable on an MR repeated at 9 months. Prostatic carcinomaPost-inflammatory scarPost biopsy haemorrhageGranulomatous prostatitisPost-radiotherapy change
Bladder Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Infiltrating or invasive urothelial carcinoma (formerly invasive transitional cell carcinoma) is typically a large, flat to papillary infiltrative mass of the bladder (70%) that has penetrated the basement membrane and invaded the lamina propria or deeper. Histologically, high-grade lesions often have foci of squamous differentiation with focal or extensive keratinization and intracellular bridges; scattered syncytiotrophoblasts; bizarre nuclear pleomorphism; focal clear cells or choriocarcinomatous areas; spindle cells, osteoclasts, glandular or benign stromal elements, plasmacytoid cells, and lipid cells; focal pseudosarcomatous stroma; necrosis; and papillary (70%), sessile or mixed (20%), or nodular (10%) growth patterns. Immunohistochemically, the tumor is positive for CK7, CK20 (50%), HMW keratin (80%), uroplakin (40%–60%, specific), thrombomodulin, p63 (variable), MUC1, CEA, p53, GATA3, S100, CA125 (variable), HER2 (variable), CD31, CD34, and podoplanin (D2-40), but negative for prostatic markers (PSA, P501S, PSMA, NKX3.1, and pPSA), WT1, MUC2, MUC5AC, HPV, and Leu7/CD57. Molecularly, the tumor shows p16(INK4a) expression, monosomy 9, 9p– (p16 INK4/TS1), 9q–, 13q– (retinoblastoma gene), 14q–, 17p– (p53), and polysomy 1 and 17 (more common in pT1 than in pTa) [6].
Clinical significance of 5-α reductase inhibitor and androgen deprivation therapy in bladder cancer incidence, recurrence, and survival: a meta-analysis and systemic review
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Aram Kim, Min Seo Kim, Jae-Hak Ahn, Woo Suk Choi, Hyoung Keun Park, Hyeong Gon Kim, Sung Hyun Paick
BC is classified as either muscle or non-muscle invasive. Patients with non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder experience a high rate of local recurrence within the bladder and progress to muscle-invasive states. Among the different risk factors, we focused on sex. Gender-deviation indicates a potential association of sex hormones with BC [26,27]. The research of sex steroid hormone receptors, especially ARs, has shown the potential role of AR in BC development and prognosis [28]. Despite preclinical models showing conflicting results, the general concept that ARs might promote BC development led to the hypothesis that modulating these receptors with AST could prevent BC development or prognosis. In the preclinical setting, promising results supported this hypothesis. However, data in the clinical setting are still limited. Few studies have evaluated the effect of ADT or 5-ARi on BC patients; however, these studies have several limitations and biases [29,30].
Do repeated transurethral procedures under general anesthesia influence mortality in patients with non-invasive urothelial bladder cancer? A Danish national cohort study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2020
Marie Schmidt Erikson, Astrid Christine Petersen, Klaus Kaae Andersen, Frederik Krogsdal Jacobsen, Karin Mogensen, Gregers Gautier Hermann
All patients diagnosed with primary non-invasive urothelial carcinoma during the inclusion period were identified from the DBCC. To minimize under staging, the primary diagnosis was defined as the worst diagnosis within a period of 6 months from the patient’s first evaluation. Primary urothelial papilloma (n = 88) and urothelial dysplasia (n = 55) were excluded. Papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (n = 985) were categorized as TaLG. Papillary tumors with concomitant CIS (n = 236) were categorized as TaHG. In total, 10,197 patients with primary TaLG, TaHG, or CIS were included at the time of diagnosis for statistical analysis. Variables known to be associated with risk of death were included at baseline: civil status (CPR), income and educational level (Statistics Denmark) [19] and CCI (calculated from DNPR data).
Value of quantitative and qualitative analyses of serum and urine cell-free DNA as diagnostic tools for bladder cancer: a meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2019
Zhangjun Cao, Longfei Peng, Ke He, Xin Wang, Youlu Lu, Ying Zhang, Liangkuan Bi
Previous studies on genetics of bladder cancer have been limited by the lack of comprehensive analysis of tumors with multiple cancer-related genes [25]. Recently, cancer genome mapping (TCGA) and other research groups have used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to conduct a comprehensive study of bladder cancer, thereby identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic intervention targets [26,27]. It is worth noting that most patients with bladder cancer are diagnosed as non-muscular invasive bladder cancer, and their treatment imposes a huge burden on patients and the global health-care system. Thus, Pietzak et al. performed the largest NGS study to identify genetic alterations with potential clinical implications in addressing the many unmet needs of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients [28]. They found that the majority of tumors had at least one potentially actionable alteration in NGS of treatment-naive index tumors from patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, which could serve as a drug target for new clinical trials of intravesical or systemic therapies. In another study, Scott et al. confirmed that urine specimens represent a viable, powerful platform for NGS analysis of high risk of non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma [29]. Urine specimens could not only provide a genomic signature for bladder cancer but also help the molecular classification and tailor the treatment of patients.