China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cancer
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Some literature reviews have used grading systems that emphasize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and downgrade evidence from observational studies. However, for a disease like cancer that typically develops over decades, a valid and reliable RCT on meat consumption is unlikely (Rock et al., 2020). Therefore, the multiple potential mechanisms and the abundance of prospective cohort studies that consistently find higher amounts of red meat, and especially processed meat, associated with higher risk of colorectal cancer provides strong support for the recommendation to limit their consumption.
Adnexal Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Hasan Aksoy, Jordan V. Wang, Ayşe Serap Karadağ
Patients often report stinging, burning, itching, and warmth a few days before active lesions appear. Inflamed nodules, cysts, and sinuses are usually painful. Disease severity can be assessed with grading systems, such as the Hurley staging system.
Cataract and Cataract Surgical Coverage
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Olusola Olawoye, Priya Adhisesha Reddy, Ving Fai Chan, Prabhath Piyasena, Nathan Congdon
A grading scale is a tool that is used to quantify the severity of a condition with reference to a standard set of descriptions or illustrations.52 Standardized grading systems are used to quantify the severity of cataracts rather than the use of qualitative terminologies such as mild, moderate, or severe cataracts. This standardized description enables future comparisons of the cataract to determine either progression or stability.
Measuring Inflammation in the Vitreous and Retina: A Narrative Review
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Aditya U. Kale, Alba Serrano, Xiaoxuan Liu, Balini Balasubramaniam, Pearse A. Keane, David J. Moore, Victor Llorenç, Alastair K. Denniston
As described earlier, the use of colour fundus photography has been evaluated by Davis et al., who developed a 9-stage grading scale (the Miami scale) for digitised images.24,40 The advantage of this method is that lower levels of vitreous haze can be graded, and the interval between steps is reduced, allowing for potentially higher sensitivity in detecting smaller changes in vitreous haze. As discussed, the main limitation with such measures is the subjective grading component-dependent on clinician judgment. Passaglia et al. developed an algorithm based grading system which showed “almost perfect levels of agreement,” with expert graders (exact: κ = 0.71; within-one grade: κ = 0.79; within-two grades: κ = 0.82) assessing vitreous haze on fundus photographs using the NEI scale.41 The authors describe an algorithm that is applied to fundus photographs to yield quantitative measures of vitreous haze and can be used with any existing images. This provides a promising method of vitreous haze measurement using fundus photographs without the element of subjectivity. It should be recognised however that none of these techniques currently deal with detecting and compensating for opacities that are anterior to the vitreous and which may falsely increase the estimated vitreous haze.
Instrument-based Tests for Measuring Anterior Chamber Cells in Uveitis: A Systematic Review
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Xiaoxuan Liu, Ameenat L. Solebo, Livia Faes, Sophie Beese, Tasanee Braithwaite, Matthew E. Round, Jesse Panthagani, Aditya U. Kale, Thomas W. McNally, Didar Abdulla, Pearse A. Keane, David J. Moore, Alastair K. Denniston
Two reviewers extracted data independently using a pre-specified data extraction sheet. The data included population characteristics (number of participants, gender, age, underlying etiology), index test characteristics (technology, manufacturer, model, image acquisition settings, area sampled and software automation), clinician grading (name of grading system used, number of patients in each grade) and outcome (correlation coefficient, inter/intra-observer reliability). Cell counting analysis was recorded as fully automated, semi-automated or manual. For the clinician grading, we extracted how each grade was defined and whether any modifications were made to validated clinical grading systems. We contacted three authors for further information16–18, all of whom responded and one provided further data (confidence intervals) which was not reported in the original paper.16
A revised grading system for the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory based on a large clinical population
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2020
Piotr H. Skarżyński, Joanna J. Rajchel, Elżbieta Gos, Beata Dziendziel, Justyna Kutyba, Katarzyna Bieńkowska, Weronika Świerniak, Maria Gocel, Danuta Raj-Koziak, Elżbieta A. Włodarczyk, Henryk Skarżyński
Interestingly, in our study we found no interaction between gender and hearing status in producing tinnitus severity. Because there appears to be no combined effect, we have not proposed separate grading systems for men and women depending on their hearing status. This gives rise to the question of which grading system should be used by clinicians and researchers in a particular instance. Our perspective is that the establishment of a normative value does not provide a single answer to determining the impact of tinnitus on a patient’s day-to-day functioning; instead, it acts as an additional piece of information that needs to be taken into account when a clinician is making a diagnosis and proposing therapy. The score needs to be interpreted in the light of a medical interview and audiological testing such as tinnitus pitch and loudness matching. Therefore, the choice of the grading system depends on the individual decision of the clinician or researcher; however, for a particular case they should clearly state which they are choosing and why. An additional clue for a clinician could be the analysis of normative values of THI subscales that were presented in the current paper. Although the three-dimensional structure of THI was not confirmed in the Polish adaptation from a statistical perspective, from clinical point of view if could be helpful to establish level of tinnitus handicap in different areas of patients functioning, emotions and catastrophic responses.