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Significant Advancements in Cancer Diagnosis Using Machine Learning
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Gurmanik Kaur, Ajat Shatru Arora
The human brain is a complex organ in the body. An abnormal mitosis mechanism affects the process of morphological cells in the human brain. Cancer cells with various morphological features, such as size and intensity, are formed during this process. There are two kinds of brain tumors: low grade (develops slowly) and high grade (grows quickly and disrupts blood-brain supply). As a result, the vast majority of malignant brain tumor cells have been referred to as neuroepithelial cancer cells. Glioblastoma is a common brain tumor, with 5% prevalence and a patient survival rate of less than 5 years [6]. When compared to neighboring cells, the majority of cancerous cells have low contrast. As a result, accurately detecting brain tumors is a crucial step. The most commonly utilized modality for detecting brain tumors is MRI, a pain-free method that aids in tumor analysis from various perspectives and viewpoints. As a result, MRI analysis is the most effective method for identifying brain tumors [7].
Recent in vitro Models for the Blood-Brain Barrier
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
João Basso, Maria Mendes, Maria Ferreira, João Sousa, Alberto Pais, Carla Vitorino
The use of cancer cell lines in the development of chip systems for BBB modelling is also a reality. In fact, this strategy proved to be suitable to understanding the behaviour of the BBB in the presence of a tumour. The treatment of glioblastoma and other brain tumours is limited due to the variability in patient response to treatment and highlights the need for the development of these types of systems. The representation on a chip of the vasculature, limited supply of oxygen and nutrients, recognition by nearby cell types and the protumourigenic state within the microenvironment also helps to better characterise the behaviour of the tumour during the treatment. As a consequence, this kind of approach may identify new therapeutic opportunities to target the metabolic heterogeneity observed in patients. Thus, personalised information is obtained regarding the efficacy of multiple treatment options in a clinical setting [47].
Tumors of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
There is also an increasing role for genetic sequencing of glioblastomas as well as other primary brain tumors. In very select cases, sequencing can identify oncogenic driver mutations for which targeted therapies are available.
A resample-replace lasso procedure for combining high-dimensional markers with limit of detection
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
Jinjuan Wang, Yunpeng Zhao, Larry L. Tang, Claudius Mueller, Qizhai Li
The proposed RIG method is motivated by a protein profiling study of glioblastoma patients on their survival status at the Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine at George Mason University. Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive brain tumors in adults with poor prognosis. Even with the major advances in medial imaging techniques and cancer therapies, the prognosis has not been improved according to [12]. Although the median survival days of glioblastoma patients are less than 12 months, a small percentage of patients may survive more than 36 months [14,18,26]. Reference [2] investigated the mRNA and protein expression profiles of glioblastoma tissues from patients who survived longer than 36 months (classified by authors as long-term surival) and those who survived less than 6 months (classified as short-term survival). The authors identified a significant difference in the mRNA expression profiles of three signaling genes and two cellular acid-binding proteins between long-term and short-term survivors.
Artemether-loaded polymeric lipid-core nanocapsules reduce cell viability and alter the antioxidant status of U-87 MG cells
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Jader Pires, Suéllen Alves Costa, Karoline Paiva da Silva, Aline Gomes Batista da Conceição, Érica de Melo Reis, Adilson Paulo Sinhorin, Carmen Lucia Bassi Branco, Letícia Cruz, Stela Regina Ferrarini, Cláudia Marlise Balbinotti Andrade
Tumors of the central nervous system are among the 10 tumors which present the most incidence and the highest risk of mortality (Ostrom et al. 2021). Among these, glioblastoma remains prominent as it has a high mortality rate, with an estimated survival time of between 6 and 15 months (Hatoum et al. 2019). There is growing evidence that artemisinin derivatives, including ART, represent a new class of semi-synthetic sesquiterpene lactones with antitumor activity, possibly by inducing the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as apoptosis (Y.Q. Li et al. 2021). However, ART possesses characteristics that limit its pharmacological action, including low bioavailability, low water solubility, and physicochemical instability (D. Li et al. 2021); nonetheless, these limitations could be surmounted by nanoencapsulating ART.
Can we rely on synthetic pharmacotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Chibueze D. Nwagwu, David C. Adamson
Glioblastoma is a primary malignancy of the central nervous system which affects approximately 3 in 100,000 Americans every year. It has been characterized as molecularly heterogeneous and is now classified by the c-IMPACT-now consensus as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild type WHO grade IV with a microvascular proliferation or necrotic lesion or possessing ≥1 of the following genetic alterations: TERT promoter mutation, EGFR gene amplification, +7/−10 chromosome copy number changes [1,2]. Glioblastoma has also been characterized using the WHO classification with molecular and histological stratification into isocitrate dehydrogenase wild type and isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant. This classification system also classifies glioblastoma as WHO grade IV glioma [1]. Several treatment options have been considered for the treatment of glioblastoma patients. Despite this, the prognosis remains dismal. The current 1-year survival rate is 42.8%, while the 5-year survival rate is at an abysmal 7.2% [3–5]. The current standard of care includes surgical resection, followed by concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and then continued chemotherapy for at least 6 months [6]. In this review, we will highlight the current efforts being made in clinical trials to ameliorate glioblastoma outcomes using synthetic pharmacotherapy.