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Paper 3
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
Adenomyomatosis is found more commonly in females and has a strong association with gallstones. The classical appearance on ultrasound is of cholesterol-filled Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses which appear as hyperechoic foci in a thickened gallbladder wall. On MRI the ‘string of beads sign’ refers to the characteristic curvilinear multiple rounded T2 hyperintense intraluminal cavities. Gallbladder carcinoma is the main differential.
Abdomen and pelvis cases
Published in Lt Col Edward Sellon, David C Howlett, Nick Taylor, Radiology for Medical Finals, 2017
Faye Cuthbert, Amanda Jewison, Olwen Westerland
The RUQ density is peripherally calcified, a pattern known as ‘eggshell calcification’. This lesion could be within liver, gallbladder fossa or at the upper pole of the right kidney. The rim-like nature of the calcification suggests it is likely to be within the gallbladder wall. This is called a ‘porcelain gallbladder’. This condition is associated with gallstones and chronic cholecystitis, and also an increased risk of gallbladder carcinoma.
Test Paper 2
Published in Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike, Get Through, 2017
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike
A 66-year-old woman with chronic right upper-quadrant pain, anorexia and weight loss is referred by her GP for a CT scan of her abdomen and pelvis. The scan shows an irregular hypodense mass replacing the gallbladder, with infiltration into the surrounding liver and enlarged periportal nodes. The following are risk factors for gallbladder carcinoma, except Chronic gallbladder inflammationPorcelain gallbladderCholedochal cystCirrhosisUlcerative colitis
AFAP1-AS1/Hsa-miR-15a-5p/Bcl-2 Axis is a Potential Regulator of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Gallbladder Carcinoma
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Xianhai Zhu, Changgao Shi, Changlong Hou
In 2018, 220000 new cases of gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) were diagnosed wordwide annually, accounting for 1.7% of cancer deaths, based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer Globocan 2018 database (1). The causative factors for GBC include obesity, high calorie, and carbohydrate intake, while vegetables and fruits are believed to serve as protective factors (2). Nutritional status has been used to evaluate recurrence and mortality after gastrointestinal tract surgery (3). Food intake including mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is presumed to be a risk factor for GBC owing to its carcinogenic potential (4). Although the incidence of GBC is not common, patients with GBC exhibit a poor prognosis due to indistinct symptoms in the early stages, late diagnoses, and disappointing therapeutic effects (5). Even after complete gallbladder removal, GBC is often accompanied by a high rate of metastasis into the regional lymph nodes and liver, particularly when the tumor has penetrated the gallbladder submucosa (6). More insight is required into the detailed molecular mechanism of GBC proliferation and apoptosis to help improve the efficiency of GBC treatment as well as the prognosis for patients (7).
Immunotherapies in clinical development for biliary tract cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2021
Arndt Vogel, Melanie Bathon, Anna Saborowski
Cancers of the biliary system (BTC) are highly aggressive tumors that either originate within the liver (intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA)), in the perihilar or distal bile ducts (perihilar or distal CCA), or in the gallbladder [1,2]. In most countries, CCA is considered a ‘rare’ cancer with incidence rates below 6/100.000. However, due to the demographic distribution of different risk factors and probably influenced by ethnic factors, the incidence of CCA ranges from 0.1/100.000 in Australia to more than 110/100.000 in Northeast Thailand. In Europe, most biliary tumors occur sporadically after the age of 50, with a slight predominance of male patients. Risk factors include obesity, viral hepatitis B and C, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and, for gallbladder carcinoma, gallstones. In Asian countries, infestation with parasitic liver flukes is considered an important risk factor. Surgical resection is the only potentially curative approach and should be offered to patients who are diagnosed at an early stage. However, due to the late manifestation of clinical symptoms, most patients suffer from locally advanced or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, and even after successful resection early recurrence is frequent. Most patients are eventually bound to receive palliative treatments, and the dismal median overall survival (mOS) of 11–13 months under systemic palliative therapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GemCis) highlights the urgent need to expand the limited therapeutic measures available to date for patients with advanced BTC [3–5].
miR-324-5p inhibits gallbladder carcinoma cell metastatic behaviours by downregulation of transforming growth factor beta 2 expression
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Xinrong Zhang, Lei Zhang, Ming Chen, Dongying Liu
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is one of the most lethal cancers and the most common bile duct malignancy worldwide [1,2]. The early diagnosis of GBC is very difficult because of the lack of specific clinical symptoms, and a large number of cases with GBC are diagnosed at its advanced stage with serious metastasis [3]. At present, the high rate of tumour recurrence and chemoresistance are the most notable characteristic of GBC and the prognosis of GBC patients with 5-year survival rates of approximately 15% [4,5]. Although diagnostic and surgical treatment methods have been developed over the past decades, however, little success has been achieved in reducing the mortality rates of GBC [6]. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the molecular and biological mechanisms underlying GBC metastasis, which may help to identify new diagnostic and therapeutic targets to improve prognosis.