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Introduction to Cancer
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The leukemias (a group of more than 100 diseases) are types of cancers affecting the blood cells or hemopoietic tissue. Strictly speaking, the term leukemia should only be used to refer to a cancer of the white blood cells (the leukocytes) but in practice tends to be applied to malignancies of any cellular element relating to the blood or bone marrow, including erythroid, lymphoid, or myeloid cells. Thus, in bone marrow cell cancer affecting the leukocytes, involvement of the myeloid cells is known as myeloma, and in multiple myeloma (the most common bone marrow cancer), a clone of plasma cells is involved. Similarly, red cell leukemia originating in the reticuloendothelial system is known as erythroleukemia, and cancer of the erythroid stem cells is known as primary polycythemia. In addition, all of these different cancer types may be described as chronic or acute. Lymphosarcoma is a cancer of the lymphoid cells, whereas Hodgkin’s disease is an example of a lymph adenoma that, although mainly affecting reticulum cells, can extend to eosinophils, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes.
Erythroleukemia Cell Secretion and Erythroid Cell Differentiation-Inhibiting Factors
Published in Velibor Krsmanović, James F. Whitfield, Malignant Cell Secretion, 2019
Velibor Krsmanović, Jean-Michel Biquard
We will now turn to the autocrine factors and hormones secreted by malignant cells of the erythroid lineage and their possible biological activity. We will also review some of the factors secreted by erythroleukemia cells that affect nonerythroid hematopoietic cells, as well as secreted factors by nonerythroid cells which act on erythroid cells.
Micronutrients in Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Arthritis
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Micronutrients in Health and Disease, 2019
Methotrexate, a folate inhibitor, initially was used for the treatment of cancer. Low-dose MTX is considered a gold standard for the treatment of RA and has been for decades.130–134 MTX is an immunosuppressive drug, which causes apoptosis via increased oxidative damage to proliferating cells in the joints of the patients with active RA. MTX has one of the best efficacy and toxicity ratios. It improves signs and symptoms of RA and physical function, and inhibits radiographic progression of cartilage damage, but to a smaller degree, compared to anti-TNF therapy. The proposed mechanisms of action include inhibition of T-cell proliferation, inhibition of transmethylation reactions required for the prevention of T-cell toxicity, interference with glutathione metabolism leading to alterations in recruitment of monocytes and other cells to the inflamed joints, and promotion of the release of the endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine. One case of an acute erythroleukemia was detected during low-dose MTX therapy. In spite of this rare case of cancer, low-dose MTX remains the first choice for the initial treatment of RA.
Decreased expression of HBA1 and HBB genes in acute myeloid leukemia patients and their inhibitory effects on growth of K562 cells
Published in Hematology, 2022
Ping Luo, Xiaoyan Liu, Zehai Tang, Bei Xiong
Erythropoiesis is a process that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into erythrocytes, including early erythropoiesis and terminal erythroid differentiation [2]. Primitive erythroblasts enucleate to become reticulocytes, which subsequently mature into red blood cells [3,4]. Adult red blood cells, as the terminal differential cells, with no nucleus and rather simple structure, have ceased dividing and have no proliferation capacity [5]. The main feature of red blood cells is a high level of adult hemoglobin, with hemoglobin A (HbA) accounting for 97% of its weight, which indicates that high expression of HbA may be accompanied by the cessation of cell proliferation. Human erythroleukemia K562 cells can proliferate indefinitely, but don’t express HbA. Does this mean that no expression of HbA may be accompanied by unlimited proliferation? HBB and HBA1 are genes that encode the normal adult hemoglobin tetramer (Hb) [6]. Adult hemoglobin (HbA) is the most popular form of hemoglobin including two β-globin molecules and two α-globin molecules [7]. Therefore, we hypothesized that HBB and HBA1 may be associated with differentiation degree and proliferation ability of blood cells.
The state of the art of fetal hemoglobin-inducing agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Aline Renata Pavan, Juliana Romano Lopes, Jean Leandro Dos Santos
It is recommended to avoid false-positive results that a secondary screening for those promising compounds identified in the first assays should be run primary cell line, such as CD34 +. Human CD34+ progenitor cells, comprising two cellular subpopulations (hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells), are commonly used to validate observations from the immortalized cells used in the screening process. Other cell types used for screening include GM979 cells, a murine erythroleukemia cell line that expresses 16], and Burst-Forming Unit-Erythroid (BFU-E), which are erythroid progenitors [17]. An appropriate cellular model must consider the characteristics of each cell line. The human progenitor cells such as CD34+ show a good correlation with the in vivo data, although performing HTS using such cells is laborious [18].
Evaluation of citrinin-induced toxic effects on mouse Sertoli cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Yasemin Aydin, Banu Orta Yilmaz, Nebahat Yildizbayrak, Ahu Korkut, Merve Arabul Kursun, Tulay Irez, Melike Erkan
Various mycotoxins are known to prevent cell proliferation by inhibiting the cells in the synthesis phase, but there are no data in specific to CTN (Nones et al.2013, Riedel et al.2016). In a study with neural crest cells, aflatoxin inhibited DNA synthesis at a concentration of 30 µM (Nones et al.2013). In another study in human erythroleukemia cells, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1 were given to the cells for 24 h at a concentrations range of 100–280 µM. It was found that 0.6 µM nivalenol, 1.6 µM deoxynivalenol, and 70 µM fumonisin B1 significantly decreased the number of cells at the synthesis phase (Minervini et al.2004). As reported in these studies, mycotoxins significantly suppressed the DNA synthesis in various cell lines. Similarly, CTN also prevented cell proliferation even at a low concentration (25 µM), in present study.