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Cancer Drugs and Treatment Formulations for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Reetika Arora, Pawan K. Maurya
Colorectal cancer starts in either the colon or rectum. Being overweight or obese, inactivity, having a diet high in red and processed meats, smoking, heavy alcohol use, age, and a personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps are all risk factors for colorectal cancer [13].
Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
There is no proven method of preventing colorectal cancer. However, some of the risk factors can be controlled by regular colorectal cancer screening, maintaining a normal body weight via physical activity and a good diet, limiting red and processed meats, and increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Avoiding or limiting alcohol intake is also suggested, and smoking should be avoided. Some studies indicate that daily multivitamins that contain folic acid, plus calcium and magnesium supplements, may be helpful. Studies have also shown that people who regularly take aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have lower risks of colorectal polyps and cancer. Estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy after menopause may be helpful for women in reducing risks for colorectal cancer. Early detection of colorectal polyps or cancer can occur via regular screening methods. If found earlier, this can improve treatment and prognosis, and regular screening may even prevent the disease, since a polyp may take 10–15 years to become cancerous.
Fenugreek in Management of Immunological, Infectious, and Malignant Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Rohini Pujari, Prasad Thakurdesai
Colorectal cancer is a common preventable cancer with increased incidence and mortality, especially over the last 25 years due to many factors, including changing lifestyles and unbalanced nutrition (Ahmed 2020). The role of oxidative stress and ROS in pathogenesis (Perše 2013), progression (Inokuma et al. 2009), and risk assessment (Mandal 2017) has been confirmed in the past. A hydrazine compound, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), is known to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in circulation to initiate colon carcinogenesis in animals by alkylating the DNA (Venkatachalam et al. 2020). Fenugreek seed powder (2 g/kg, for 30 weeks) included in a regular diet to DMH-induced carcinogenic colon rats reported the increased circulatory levels of vitamins (ascorbic acid, vitamin E) and enzymes (reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) (Devasena and Menon 2002). Furthermore, two fenugreek protein hydrolysates were reported to significantly reduce the progression of colorectal cancer in colonic adenocarcinoma Caco2/TC7 cells in vitro (Allaoui et al. 2019). The researcher attributed this efficacy to cytochrome C release to the cytoplasm, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and caspase-3 activation, subsequent inhibition of undifferentiated cell proliferation by early apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in phase G1 (Allaoui et al. 2019).
Identification of cancer chemotherapy regimens and patient cohorts in administrative claims: challenges, opportunities, and a proposed algorithm
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Catherine M. Lockhart, Cara L. McDermott, Aaron B. Mendelsohn, James Marshall, Ali McBride, Gary Yee, Minghui Sam Li, Aziza Jamal-Allial, Djeneba Audrey Djibo, Gabriela Vazquez Benitez, Terese A. DeFor, Pamala A. Pawloski
To better characterize the cohorts and to explain the lower-than-expected patient population, we categorized patients according to cancer diagnosis, and then applied the algorithm to identify chemotherapy regimens of interest. The low numbers of patients in each disease cohort receiving chemotherapy relative to the known population at the lead data site suggested that we were not capturing all eligible individuals for this study. We also compared our initial cohort to known treatment trends in national data. For example, a recent national assessment of cancer treatment and survivorship in the US found that among colorectal cancer patients, 9% of Stage I-II, 66% of Stage III, and 36% of Stage IV patients received chemotherapy18. Furthermore, of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer, 20% were Stage I at diagnosis, 22% at Stage II, 23% at Stage III, 20% at Stage IV, and 15% unknown stage. While our data do not include cancer stage, if we take the most conservative estimate that all patients have Stage I-II disease, which is unlikely, we expect at least 9% of patients with colorectal cancer identified in our cohort would receive chemotherapy. We initially found only 21 patients comprising 1% of our population, suggesting we failed to capture potentially eligible patients.
Association Between Vitamin B6 and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Jianxiong Lai, Mingqiao Guo, Dongmei Wang, Kuan Liu, Dengmin Hu, Jian Li
The anti-inflammatory mechanism of vitamin B6 may be responsible for reducing the risk of colorectal cancer (42). Chronic inflammation is believed to lead to colorectal cancer (43). Furthermore, previous studies have reported that circulating PLP can reduce inflammation levels, which may account for the anti-tumor effects of vitamin B6 (44). In addition, vitamin B6 also plays an essential role in one-carbon metabolism by maintaining homeostasis in DNA synthesis, repairing damage and influencing the DNA methylation process (10, 45). Meta-analyses provide results that may not be apparent from individual studies and allow for the aggregation of independent studies to yield higher-level evidence (46). This meta-analysis included several recent independent studies on vitamin B6 and colorectal cancer risk, suggesting that vitamin B6 was negatively associated with colorectal cancer. These findings may provide a new direction for the development of colorectal cancer prevention strategies.
Molecular imaging in management of colorectal metastases by the interventional oncologist
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Stephen Hunt, Alireza Zandifar, Abass Alavi
Colorectal cancer is the second cause of cancer-related death in the United States, with an estimated 150,000 new diagnoses and more than 53,000 deaths in 2020 [1]. Localized stage colorectal cancer has a favorable prognosis, with an expected 5-year survival of nearly 90% [1]. Unfortunately, the 5-year survival of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is only 14%. Surgical resection of the primary tumor, metastatectomy, systemic chemotherapy, and neoadjuvant chemoradiation are the mainstay of therapy for colorectal cancer [2]. Metastases to the regional lymph nodes, liver and lung are most common, and chemotherapy along with metastatectomy is considered the first line therapy for limited oligometastatic disease [2]. For many patients, however, the morbidity of surgical resection limits its feasibility or desirability, and some patients do not tolerate or respond to chemotherapy. Minimally invasive treatment options including ablation, transarterial chemoembolization and transarterial radioembolization have demonstrated efficacy in control of oligometastatic colorectal cancer. As such, interventional oncologists are playing an increasing role in management of these patients.