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Analysis of Population-Based Cancer Survival Data
Published in Yingwei Peng, Binbing Yu, Cure Models, 2021
Several key statistics have been used to measure the impact of cancer on the society. The popular metrics for cancer burden include incidence, mortality, prevalence and survival (Ellis et al., 2014; Kamangar et al., 2006). A cancer incidence is defined as the newly diagnosed cancer case during a specific time period and the incidence rate is usually expressed as the number of cancer incidence cases per 100,000 population at risk. Cancer mortality rate is defined as the number of deaths with cancer as the underlying cause of death during a specific time period, which is also expressed as the number of cancer death per 100,000 population. Cancer prevalence (rate) is defined as the number (proportion) of people alive on a specific date but previously having diagnosis of a certain type of cancer. The prevalent cases include both newly diagnosed cases and pre-existing cases. Cancer survival is typically expressed as the proportion of patients alive at certain time point after the diagnosis of cancer. These cancer statistical metrics are inter-related but distinct measures of cancer burden and progress of cancer treatment. Cancer incidence is the main measure of cancer burden in a population and cancer mortality rates is usually regarded as the best indicator of progress against cancer. Cancer survival is a primary endpoint for evaluating cancer treatment efficacy and an important metric for monitoring and evaluating the progress of cancer control and treatment.
III
Published in Mitzi Blennerhassett, Nothing Personal, 2017
Despite the many improvements, and perhaps inevitably, the same cancer issues continue to be raised.97,98 Appropriate referral continues to be a contentious area, for example, a report from the National Audit Office (NAO) in 200499 showed only two thirds of patients who were subsequently diagnosed with cancer had been referred ‘urgently’ by their GP, so they may have had longer waits for assessment by a consultant. And while cancer survival rates were higher, progress varied by cancer and by locality. Improving cancer services is an ongoing, Herculean task.
Rationalizing Radiation Therapy, Reforming Health Care
Published in Barbara Bridgman Perkins, Cancer, Radiation Therapy, and the Market, 2017
Survival rates offer important (if still limited) patient outcome measures, and they seem to show some improvements in cancer treatment over the past few decades. The total 5-year cancer survival rate rose in the United States from 49 percent of patients diagnosed in 1975 to 69 percent of those diagnosed in 2008.19 Measured 5-year survival rates for prostate cancer rose from 66 to 99 percent in the same span of years, invasive breast cancer from 75 to 91 percent, Hodgkin’s from 70 to 90 percent, cervical cancer from 68 to 69 percent, colorectal cancer from 49 to 67 percent, and lung cancer from 11 to 19 percent.
Age-specific survival trends and life-years lost in women with breast cancer 1990–2016: the NORDCAN survival studies
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Frida E. Lundberg, Niels Kroman, Mats Lambe, Therese M.-L. Andersson, Gerda Engholm, Tom Børge Johannesen, Anni Virtanen, David Pettersson, Elínborg J. Ólafsdóttir, Helgi Birgisson, Paul C. Lambert, Lina Steinrud Mørch, Anna L. V. Johansson
The strengths of the study included the population-based approach covering a population of more than 27 million inhabitants, and the additional 13 years of diagnosis data compared to the previous Nordic trend analysis [3]. The Nordic countries have similar tax-funded healthcare systems, including cancer screening programs, available to all residents. Trends in cancer survival are important for assessing how well healthcare systems meet the needs for diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the population. For this purpose a powerful database such as NORDCAN plays a vital role. We reported a wide range of survival measures, including new statistical techniques to improve comparability across countries. With improved survival and more high-quality data available both in the Nordic countries and beyond, there is an increasing need for new methods and a variety of measures to quantify the survival experience of different patients.
Institutional racism: a discursive paper
Published in Contemporary Nurse, 2022
Departing from the policymaking aspect of institutional racism, denial of, or a lack of access to treatments for First Nation Peoples are also prominent issues that stem from the existing prejudices within the healthcare system. Institutional racism may present itself as a lack of culturally appropriate practice and ignorance of Indigenous concepts of health and wellbeing from the system and health care professionals. For example, Moore et al. (2014) discovered in their cohort study that Indigenous Australians receive fewer cancer treatments, have more comorbidities, and are diagnosed at a later stage than non-Indigenous Australians. They concluded that inherent racism, and social and cultural differences between patients and healthcare providers, were the compounding factors for such disparity. As a result, these patients would have a significantly poorer cancer survival rate, especially in the first year after diagnosis. Furthermore, Reilly et al. (2018) also highlighted overt racism and mistrust of the health system as the main barriers for Indigenous Peoples in accessing health services during cancer care. She drew on stories of participants who had experienced racist remarks during their health journey and found that many would not speak up to avoid confrontation. Thus, institutional racism is playing a major role in preventing First Nation Peoples from accessing vital care and leading to poorer health outcomes.
Cardiotoxicity in pediatric lymphoma survivors
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2021
Neha Bansal, Chaitya Joshi, Michael Jacob Adams, Kelley Hutchins, Andrew Ray, Steven E. Lipshultz
The incidence of children diagnosed with cancer has been slowly rising since 1975, which, along with improved therapeutic outcomes, ultimately has resulted in an increased number of survivors [3]. The 5-year childhood cancer survival rate has increased from 58% in the mid-1970s to 84% in 2021 [3]. It is estimated that approximately 11,050 children (birth to 14 years) and 5,800 adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) were diagnosed with cancer in the US in 2020 [3]. Lymphoma diagnoses represent approximately 20% among adolescents. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) accounts for 6% of overall childhood cancer diagnoses but ranks as the most common malignancy among adolescents 15 to 19 years old [4]. Overall cancer mortality rates have also declined significantly since the 1970s. The 5-year relative survival rate for all cancers combined has improved from 58% during the 1970s to 84% for children and 68% to 85% for adolescents [1]. A significant reduction in mortality has been among survivors of lymphoma with an approximate 80% reduction in children and 82% in adolescents [3].