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Involvement of Dopamine with Various Cancers
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Lymphomas are the most common blood cancer. Two main forms of lymphoma are recognized: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which differ in etiology and response to treatment [14]. In addition, two other subtypes of lymphoma are multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative diseases. A lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes multiply uncontrollably, acquire a malignant phenotype, and can travel to lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs, where they localize and form tumors. Both B-cells and T-cells can develop into lymphomas. The primary presentation of lymphoma is swelling of the lymph nodes. Systemic symptoms include fever, night sweats, loss of appetite and weight loss, fatigue, respiratory distress and itching. The incidence of NHL is higher in males than in females and increases with age. Burkitt lymphoma is an aggressive subtype of B-cell NHL. It is particularly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, middle eastern countries, and in patients with HIV/AIDS. The endemic form of Burkitt lymphoma is linked to malaria and to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common virus that also causes glandular fever.
Classifications and Risk Factors
Published in Tariq I. Mughal, Precision Haematological Cancer Medicine, 2018
Studies have also suggested a possible link between maternal alcohol consumption and infant AML. Concerns have also been raised with regard to a probable link between soy-based formulas (which contain high levels of isoflavones) and infant leukaemias. Currently there is no consistent correlation between diet and blood cancer amongst well-nourished individuals, bar a few speculative anecdotal reports. For the moment, no dietary guidelines such as those for avoidance of colon cancer, which suggest avoidance of animal fat, increased fibre intake, reduction of red meat consumption, ample fruit and vegetable intake, avoidance of obesity and staying fit, can be proposed for the prevention of haematological malignancies and recurrence.
The Cancer Landscape
Published in John Melford, Pocket Guide to Cancer, 2017
Cancers of the blood are generally easier to target with drugs than solid tumors, which may be served by poor blood supply. Survival rates of blood cancers vary substantially according to type, ranging from a 5-year survival rate of 26% for patients with AML to 82% for patients with CLL. Some types that had a high mortality rate 30 years ago are now more treatable. For example, the 5-year survival rate of ALL has increased from 41% to 70%.
The Kendall interaction filter for variable interaction screening in high dimensional classification problems
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2023
Youssef Anzarmou, Abdallah Mkhadri, Karim Oualkacha
This dataset consists of 2000 features described by 62 samples from colon-cancer patients. The samples contain 40 colon tissues tumor and 22 normal colon tissues. It was first presented by [2].This dataset highlights a type of blood cancer that affects the plasma cells. It describes the expression profiles measures of 12625 genes for 173 individuals. Of those 173 individuals, 137 are healthy patients, while the rest are newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. Further details can be found in [37].This dataset involves 50 normal samples and 52 prostate tumor samples described by the genetic expression levels of 6033 genes. More details can be found in [7].This dataset reports breast cancer microarray data. It has 7129 features and 46 observations, of which 23 are estrogen receptor-positive and 23 are estrogen receptor-negative. Detailed information can be found in [40].
A Novel Compound Plumercine from Plumeria alba Exhibits Promising Anti-Leukemic Efficacies against B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Aaheli Chatterjee, Amrita Pal, Santanu Paul
Leukemia, otherwise known as blood cancer is a type of haematological malignancy that is characterized by uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells (1). The increased percentage of the abnormal WBCs, in turn, reduces the ability of the bone marrow cells and cuts down the production of platelets and red blood cells leading to effects of cytopenia (2). Leukemia is mainly of two types: acute and chronic. Out of them, childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the first commonly diagnosed haematological malignant diseases that have been considered as a paradigm for cancer research for the last few decades by conducting wide-ranging therapeutic trials (3) ALL is a commonly diagnosed pediatric malignant hematologic disease that leads to uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblast precursor cells (4). ALL are of two types, Precursor B cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia or B ALL and T cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia or T ALL (5).
PD-1 blockade potentially enhances adoptive cytotoxic T cell potency in a human acute myeloid leukaemia animal model
Published in Hematology, 2018
Rui Deng, Fang-yi Fan, Hai Yi, Fang Liu, Guang-cui He, Hao-ping Sun, Yi Su
Cancer immunotherapy has shown a strong potential for blood cancer therapy. In addition, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) blockade-mediated immunotherapy has attracted tremendous attention recent years in cancer immunotherapy. The PD-1 molecule was recognized as an important marker for cell exhaustion, and PD-1-expressing antigen-specific T cells are incapable of secreting cytokines and proliferating even after antigen restimulation [5,6]. In addition, expression of the homologous ligand of PD-1, PD-L1, predicts a poor prognosis in many types of solid tumours and blood cancers [7]. Additionally, high expression of PD-L1 and elevation after interferon-γ (IFN-γ) exposure were found in AML [8]. PD-L1 and PD-1 play vital roles in regulating immune responses, immune tolerance, autoimmunity, and antitumour immunity [9]. PD-1 expression on T cells suppresses CD8+ cytotoxic T cell immunological function and induces T cell apoptosis via interaction with PD-L1, which has expedited the increase in anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy for cancer. Inhibition of the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 enhances T cell responses in vitro and promotes preclinical antitumour activity [10,11]. Subsequently, good clinical trial results led to approval of the PD-1 antibody for use in many types of cancer, such as melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [12–14]. At the same time, the GVL effect after allogeneic HSCT [15], donor lymphocyte infusions [16], and the success of PD-1 blockade in Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) [17], all present us with the prospect of blood cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, we designed this experiment, which aims to exploit the possible effect of combining PD-1 blockade and adoptive AML cytotoxic T cell (CTL) therapy in an animal model.