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Ion Beam Analysis: Analytical Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Reactions used determination of surface concentrations of some light elements are:Hydrogen isotopes: 1H(11B,α)2α, 2H(3He,p)4He.Lithium: 7Li(p,α)4He.Beryllium: 9Be(α,n)12C, 9Be(d,p)10Be.Boron isotopes: 10B(p,α)7Be, 11B(p,α)8Be.Carbon: 12C(d,p)13C.Nitrogen: 14N(d,p)15N, 14N(d,α)12C.Oxygen isotopes: 16O(d,pγ)17O, 16O(d,p)17O, 18O(p,α)15N.Fluorine: 19F(p,αγ)16O, 19F(p,pγ)19F.
Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
These agents are essentially nontoxic except for beryllium, which is used to make durable steel, and in the nuclear and electronic industries. In the past, it was used widely in the manufacture of fluorescent lights and neon signs. Beryllium is highly toxic if inhaled and causes fever and progressive lung fibrosis. Beryllium inhibits enzyme activity, particularly that of alkaline phosphatase, but acts mainly by inducing a hypersensitivity response. Its toxicity is enhanced by its small molecular size which results in greater tissue penetration, its high charge to mass ratio, and the absence of a homeostatic control mechanism. Lung fibrosis is known to be associated with lung cancer. Magnesium and calcium are metals of major importance in normal body function and only cause toxicity at high dosage, usually because of existing internal disease rather than from excessive intake.
The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
The detailed clinical course of a woman chemical worker exposed to beryllium, has been described by McCallum et al.158 In their summary they state that pregnancy was associated with relief of symptoms which persisted for some months after a normal birth. The detailed paper, however, reports that at about 4 months gestation, she experienced spontaneous pneumothorax, delivered at 8 months gestation, and died 7 months later of acute right heart failure. The onset of symptoms 2 years before pregnancy (parity not noted) was 2 years after termination of high exposure in an English laboratory with measured levels of beryllium of 2.7 μg/m3 and other rooms with levels of over 30 μg/m3. The present federal standard for beryllium is 2 μg/m3 as an 8-hr time-weighted average with an acceptable ceiling concentration of 5 μg/m3. The acceptable maximum peak is 25 μg/m3 for a maximum of 30 minutes.159 Severe lassitude, loss of weight, breathlessness, and radiological lung changes indicated the chronicity of the beryllium poisoning. Pregnancy itself provided some improvement of symptoms, sufficient to allow suspension of corticotropin therapy. It would be of considerable interest to compare the course of pregnancy in the women in the U.S. Beryllium Registry in detail.
Ellagic acid attenuates beryllium sulphate-induced oxidative stress and histopathological alterations of spleen in rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yuandi Lei, Tianyi Jiang, Liqin He, Yanping Liu, Zhanbing Sun, Weihua Deng, Lian Huang, Zhaohui Zhang
Beryllium (Be) and its compounds are highly desirable due to its excellent properties such as enhancing metal-hardening capacity, high electrical and thermal conductivity, high melting and boiling points (Kreiss et al. 2007). They are widely used in the industrial fields, including aircraft, space shuttle brakes, satellite mirrors, electrical circuits, computer components, nuclear weapons, home appliances, etc. Unfortunately, Be is highly toxic. It has been demonstrated that the LD50 value of beryllium nitrate is 3.16 mg/kg (Mathur et al. 1985). Exposure to Be and its compounds could induce a wide range of diseases such as acute chemical pneumonia (Cummings et al. 2009), chronic beryllium disease (Ribeiro et al. 2011), even lung cancer (Levy et al. 2009). Be exposure occurs primarily through the inhalation of Be particulates that induces oxidative stress and leads to various pathological consequences (Sawyer et al. 2005). Thus, inhibition of oxidative stress may be an approach in the prevention of beryllium-related diseases.
Mortality among workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1943–2017
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
John D. Boice, Sarah S. Cohen, Michael T. Mumma, Ashley P. Golden, Sara C. Howard, David J. Girardi, Elizabeth Dupree Ellis, Michael B. Bellamy, Lawrence T. Dauer, Caleigh Samuels, Keith F. Eckerman, Richard W. Leggett
An extended mortality follow-up of over 26,000 workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory failed to reveal significant associations between radiation dose and cancers of the lung, liver and NHL, sites that would have received the highest doses from intakes of plutonium, nor excesses due to leukemia or ischemic heart disease. A plutonium-related excess of bone cancer was plausible among workers with the highest intakes, but the numbers were small. An association between esophageal cancer and radiation is noted, and the association with Parkinson’s disease is provocative given a recent investigation of workers at the Mayak facility in Russia. Beryllium exposure among early workers in the 1940s could be tied to a small number of deaths from berylliosis. The population of Hispanic workers could be evaluated separately but numbers were too small to evaluate any unique patterns of death following radiation exposure. Analyses focusing on plutonium dose were generally inconclusive, although the association with bone cancer was plausible. The LANL cohort study is notable in having nearly complete follow-up for up to 75 years, comprehensive external and internal organ dose determination, the inclusion of women, and relatively large numbers.
Response to letter regarding “Talc and mesothelioma: mineral fiber analysis of 65 cases with clinicopathological correlation”
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2020
Victor L. Roggli, John M. Carney, Thomas A. Sporn, Elizabeth N. Pavlisko
Tran et al. imply that we used only EDXA to identify talc and distinguish it from anthophyllite, whereas our Materials and Methods section clearly states that identification of talc was made by a combination of morphologic features and energy dispersive spectra as previously described.1 They note that we classified fibers with a 2:3 Mg:Si ratio as talc which may have been Mg depleted chrysotile. Many years ago we identified for the first time beryllium in a case of berylliosis by means of analytical scanning electron microscopy.3 To accomplish that study, we maximized the sensitivity of our energy dispersive spectrometer for detection of lighter elements: hence our Mg:Si ratio in talc will be increased relative to other similar devices. As noted above, we used a combination of structural morphology and elemental composition to identify talc, and would not confuse chrysotile with its own particular morphologic features with talc.