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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Non-ionising radiation includes all radiations and fields of the electromagnetic spectrum that do not normally have sufficient energy to produce ionisation in matter. As such it does not break bonds that hold molecules in cells together. Which one of the following types of radiation is NOT a type of non-ionising radiation?
Cancer
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Exposure to all types of ionising radiation increases the risks of cancer. They include X-rays and gamma rays. The radiation comprises protons, electrons or neutrons produced by unstable atoms. Ionising radiation is emitted in the natural world from certain minerals, such as radon gas in the ground, or from outer space. Radon gas, a natural radioactive gas in the soil and rocks, is linked to 4% of lung cancer cases in the UK. Cancer is more likely to develop where it is particularly prevalent, and if it accumulates indoors, it can cause cancer (Cancer Research UK, 2019). Ionising radiation can also be produced by activities associated with industry, medical imaging, nuclear medicine or radiotherapy.
Radiation Safety for You and Your Patient
Published in Vikram S. Kashyap, Matthew Janko, Justin A. Smith, Endovascular Tools & Techniques Made Easy, 2020
George K. Zhou, Justin A. Smith, Benjamin Colvard
Radiation is energy that is emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. The types of radiation, and the energy that they possess, are often described in terms of their wavelengths, with shorter wavelength varieties having higher frequencies, and thus more energy. Categorically, radiation can also be split into nonionizing versus ionizing radiation, depending on whether those waves have enough energy to remove electrons from their targets (Figure 3.1).
Individual response of the ocular lens to ionizing radiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Stephen G. R. Barnard, Nobuyuki Hamada
Health effects of ionizing radiation exposure can vary among individuals. In addition to physical factors (e.g. dose, dose rate, radiation quality, irradiation volume), there are various potential factors that may modify individual responses, such as sex, age, lifestyle, comorbidity, coexposure, genetics, and epigenetics (Foray et al. 2016). However, such factors and mechanisms underlying such individual responses are complex and remain largely uncharacterized (Applegate et al. 2020). In 2018, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) therefore established Task Group (TG) 111 ‘Factors governing the individual response of humans to ionising radiation’ to review the current science relevant to the individual response to radiation and develop a report for publication in the Annals of the ICRP. Here we give an overview of our review of scientific literature in relation to radiation cataracts conducted as part of the work of TG 111.
Direct ionizing radiation and bystander effect in mouse mesenchymal stem cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Amanda Nogueira-Pedro, Helena Regina Comodo Segreto, Kathryn D. Held, Antonio Francisco Gentil Ferreira Junior, Carolina Carvalho Dias, Araceli Aparecida Hastreiter, Edson Naoto Makiyama, Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero, Primavera Borelli, Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
Ionizing radiation has been used in medicine (radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis), industry, and research laboratories for over a century; notwithstanding radiation is a controversial subject. The use of radiation for therapeutic and other purposes has always been treated with some apprehension because exposure to ionizing radiation is known to induce cellular and sub-cellular damage in many living organisms at sub-lethal doses (Prise and O'Sullivan 2009; Zhang et al. 2014). When ionizing radiation directly interacts with cells, it affects DNA structure disrupting its chemical bonds and therefore inducing DNA breaks, particularly, double-strand breaks (DSBs). In addition, secondary effects occur, such as: the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that oxidizes proteins and lipids, and also induce diverse DNA damage, such as generation of abasic sites and single-strand breaks (SSB), which in turn can lead to DSB in the case of having multiple SSB at or near the same site, or during synthesis of new DNA where the SSB will introduce a DSB when the replication fork reaches the SSB (Wouters and Begg 2011).
A gottingen minipig model of radiation-induced coagulopathy
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Karla D. Thrall, Saikanth Mahendra, M. Keven Jackson
Concerns over nuclear and radiological threats have prompted the need to improve methods to protect the general population from the health hazards associated with exposure to ionizing radiation. The development of effective medical countermeasures requires efficacy studies be conducted in an animal model(s) predictive of the human response (‘the Animal Rule’ 21 CFR 314.600 for drugs). However, the reliance on non-human efficacy data places an enormous importance on appropriately developed and well-characterized animal models. Currently, there is no well-characterized large or small animal model for radiation-induced coagulopathy. Preliminary coagulation studies in rodents have been reported, but not yet replicated (i.e. Chernyshenko et al. 2019). The need for both small and large animal models is acute. NASA scientists have recognized that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) type reactions are expected in extended space flight operations (Blue et al. 2017). Radiation-induced coagulopathy has been reported in cancer patients and in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb victims (Ohkita 1975; Stupp et al. 2005; Robins et al. 2006; Lai et al. 2008; Gutin et al. 2009).