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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Non-ionising radiation includes all radiations and fields of the electromagnetic spectrum that do not normally have sufficient energy to produce ionisation in matter. As such it does not break bonds that hold molecules in cells together. Which one of the following types of radiation is NOT a type of non-ionising radiation?
Organization and Management of a Nonionizing Radiation Safety Program
Published in Kenneth L. Miller, Handbook of Management of Radiation Protection Programs, 2020
The depth of penetration and the sites of absorption of nonionizing radiation by the human body depend (to a great extent) on the wavelength of the energy, and consequently varies with the type of nonionizing radiation. Many questions remain regarding the immediate and long-term consequences of acute and/or chronic exposure to various levels and types of nonionizing radiation. These include considerations of potential occupational risks, public health hazards, risks to patients (and others), and certain environmental issues. Continued examination of exposure standards, protection strategies, and their enforcement are underway, so as to assure the safest possible use of nonionizing radiations.
Environment and health
Published in Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter, Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter
There are two broad types of nonionizing radiation: optical (ultraviolet, visible and infrared) and electromagnetic fields (microwave, radio frequency and extremely low frequency). Optical sources of radiation include solar radiation, infrared radiation and lasers. Electromagnetic fields are produced by electrical power lines and by electrical appliances at home and at work. In basic terms, optical and microwave radiation are packets of energy (photons), while radio frequency and extremely low-frequency fields are electric and magnetic fields moving in wave-like patterns.
Transgenerational changes in Daphnia magna under radio frequency radiation in the juvenile and puberty period
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Elena I. Sarapultseva, Darya V. Uskalova, Ksenya V. Ustenko, Viktor N. Tikhonov, Igor A. Ivanov, Alexander V. Tikhonov
Historically, radio protection against both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation has been focused on humans, based on the assumption that human protection provides protection for non-human biota. However, there is a need to demonstrate scientifically and independently the protection of non-human biota. There are still no environmental regulations to protect biota from non-ionizing radiation. Currently, much attention is paid to the risk assessment and biological effects of radio frequency (RF) exposure on different non-human biota. The publications report on genetic and morpho-physiological changes in cells, animals and plants at RF exposure (Belyaev et al. 2016; Vijayalaxmi and Prihoda 2019; Marynchenko et al. 2019; Warnke 2019; Mansourian et al. 2021). It is shown that radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) can not only disrupt, but also completely suppress different developmental stages (Merhi and Zaher 2012). There is an opinion that exceeding the natural background of EMF can lead to changes in populations and communities of different representatives of the biota (Dosimetry in Bioelectromagnetics 2017). With the development of modern radar technologies, the electromagnetic impact on environmental will grow.
Impact of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation on male infertility: an assessment of the mechanism and consequences
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Rohit Gautam, Eepsita Priyadarshini, JayPrakash Nirala, Paulraj Rajamani
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines infertility as the failure to attain pregnancy even after a year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse (WHO 2016). According to a study, 7% of world population suffer from infertility, almost half of which are instances of male infertility (Barati et al. 2020). As per WHO, primary infertility in India occurs in the range of 3.9 − 16.8% and affects about 15% of reproductive aged individuals (Zahid 2016). Besides physiological factors, various environmental factors contribute toward infertility. Electromagnetic radiations, alcohol and smoking are some of the exogenous determinates responsible for declining fertility (Tremellen 2008; Pacey 2010). Human are exposed to both ionizing and nonionizing radiation. Among this, nonionizing radiation is major concern as the sources of these radiations are mobile phone, laptop, Wi-Fi and Base Transvier station (BTS) high power electric lines. Exogenous factors such as alcohol consumption and smoking affect the quality of sperms by altering morphology and motility (Guthauser et al. 2014). A strong correlation has been established between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and male infertility, suggesting that almost 30–80% cases of male infertility are because of variations in ROS concentration. While significantly lower amount of ROS is necessary for sperm capacitation, hyperactivation and acrosomal reaction, high ROS level leads to oxidative stress mediated damage (Bui et al. 2018). Therefore, it is essential that normal ROS level is maintained by cells.
Association between reproductive health and nonionizing radiation exposure
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2021
Non-Ionizing Radiation indicates radiative energy that, rather than creating charged particles when going through matter, has adequate energy just for excitation but it is known to cause biological effects. The NIR range is separated into two main regions, optical radiations, and electromagnetic fields (Kwan-Hoong, 2003). One of the most popular devices we see today is people with their mobile phones close to their ears. These days we are taking cell phone technology as an agreed and required part of life and sadly disregarding the negative effects on our wellbeing. Cell phones use RF fields in the form of electromagnetic waves that are sent from the device to the closest base station for transmitting calls, text messages, emails, etc. (World Health Organization, 2014). Unlike ionizing radiations like X-rays or gamma rays, these RF waves cannot break chemical bonds nor are they strong enough to destroy our deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). However, they are likely to be absorbed by tissues nearest to the site of exposure to the system and create a slight local thermal effect (Dhami 2011). The guidelines on the specific absorption rate (SAR) of cell phones are lawfully restricted to 2.0 W/kg by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) announced yet at the same time, the SAR level varies from nation to nation. SAR is a standard unit or rate at which RF-EMF energy is imparted to a component or mass to quantify the penetration of energy within human tissues (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, 1998).