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Paper 3
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
‘Halo sign’ is associated with invasive fungal infection; in contrast to this case, the description of this is a solid nodule or opacification with surrounding ground glass change. Pulmonary infarct tends to be found at the lung periphery but is less likely to be migratory. Lung adenocarcinoma in situ was previously known as bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma; it can appear as a ground glass opacification or more dense consolidation. It can be multifocal; however it persists on serial imaging.
The respiratory system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
The 2004, the WHO classification recognized a preinvasive lesion for lung adenocarcinoma called atypical adenomatous hyperplasia. The lesions are often peribronchiolar and characterized by a small (<5 mm) localized proliferation of mild-to-moderately atypical type II pneumocytes and/or Clara cells, which line the alveolar walls. These lesions may progress, showing increased size and cytological atypia, but retaining a lepidic pattern of growth along alveolar walls. The term adenocarcinoma in situ was introduced by the 2011 IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocarcinoma to describe those lesions.
Cancer of the Corpus Uteri
Published in Jennifer L. Kelsey, Nancy G. Hildreth, Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Epidemiology, 2019
Jennifer L. Kelsey, Nancy G. Hildreth
Hyperplasia with atypia can be subdivided according to whether there is minimal, moderate, or severe atypia. Although hyperplasia with atypia is not an irreversible change, its relatively high probability of progressing to cancer, especially when severe atypia is present, makes it a cause for serious concern.17 Hendrickson and Kempson estimate that at least 20% of hyperplasias with moderate or severe atypia will progress to adenocarcinoma over a 10-year period. The more severe the atypia, the higher the probability of progression and the sooner it takes place.18–20 Administration of progesterone can bring about reversion to normal, unless the atypia is severe, in which case reversion is less likely.21–26 Some pathologists use adenocarcinoma in situ as another more severe category distinct from hyperplasia with severe atypia, but others disagree.
Real-world impact and effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine: an updated systematic literature review
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Wei (Vivian) Wang, Smita Kothari, Jozica Skufca, Anna R. Giuliano, Karin Sundström, Mari Nygård, Carol Koro, Marc Baay, Thomas Verstraeten, Alain Luxembourg, Alfred J. Saah, Suzanne M. Garland
In addition to the inclusion of real-world data from more countries compared to our previous review, sufficient time has now passed for longer-term effects of HPV vaccination to be observed, including cervical high-grade lesions. In Australia, where HPV vaccination programs were implemented in 2007, histologically confirmed cervical high-grade lesions have begun to show a statistically significant decline [76]. The observed impact of vaccination extends to 25–29-year-old females (who experienced a 17% decline from 2012 to 2014), and 30–34-year-old females, whose trend in rates of high-grade lesions has begun to decline [77]. Data from the US have also shown significant reductions in adenocarcinoma in situ in the 21–24-year age group, by 22.1% (95% CI −33.9–-8.2) [78]. In both Australia and the US, reductions were also reported across all grades of cervical lesions [79,80]. Benard et al. 2017 described reductions in all grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by an annual percentage decrease of 9% (95% CI, −12.0 to −5.8; p < 0.001) in New Mexico [80].
Specific gut microbiome signature predicts the early-stage lung cancer
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Yajuan Zheng, Zhaoyuan Fang, Yun Xue, Jian Zhang, Junjie Zhu, Renyuan Gao, Shun Yao, Yi Ye, Shihui Wang, Changdong Lin, Shiyang Chen, Hsinyi Huang, Liang Hu, Ge-Ning Jiang, Huanlong Qin, Peng Zhang, Jianfeng Chen, Hongbin Ji
Patients in the discovery cohort were at early stages, including stage 0 (adenocarcinoma in situ, AIS) (14.29%), stage I (76.19%) and stage II (9.52%). Most of these patients (92.86%) had non-metastatic lung cancer (Table 1). Through sequencing data analyses, approximately 6,000,000 sequences were annotated against the rRNA library database (Greengenes) and analyzed at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level (Table S2). The 97% identity of rRNA sequence was used as the cutoff to define the OTUs. We identified 1175 OTUs from the discovery cohort. Both lung cancer group and healthy control group showed comparable numbers of average OTUs (Figure 1a). Moreover, the richness and diversity of microbiota assessed by Shannon and Chao indices were also comparable (Figure 1b). These data indicated similar global community α-diversity between the lung cancer and healthy groups.
Advances in technologies for cervical cancer detection in low-resource settings
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Kathryn A. Kundrod, Chelsey A. Smith, Brady Hunt, Richard A. Schwarz, Kathleen Schmeler, Rebecca Richards-Kortum
The gold standard for the diagnosis of both cervical dysplasia and invasive cancer is histopathologic examination of biopsied specimens to identify premalignant and malignant conditions of the cervix. In this process, a pathologist examines the biopsied epithelium of the cervix and classifies it according to the fraction of the epithelial layer that displays abnormal cellular morphology. For squamous epithelium, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 or low-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (LSIL) is when a third or less of the epithelium has undergone cellular changes; CIN2 and 3 or high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (HSIL) is when greater than one-third of the squamous epithelium displays abnormal cellular morphology. Adenocarcinoma-in-situ (AIS) is when the glandular cells show abnormal morphology. Cancer is diagnosed when invasion is noted in the squamous epithelium (squamous cell carcinoma) or glandular epithelium (adenocarcinoma). If left untreated, CIN2 or more severe diagnoses (referred to as CIN2+ diagnoses) can progress to invasive cancer and therefore are commonly treated by ablation or excision to prevent progression [5]. More detailed definitions of tumors and their precursors are outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) Blue Book [8]. Screening and diagnostic tests are generally evaluated in terms of clinical sensitivity and specificity relative to the gold-standard of biopsy-proven CIN2+; the sensitivities and specificities reported throughout this article follow this convention.